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Vocational  Education  in  Agriculture 


A  comparative  study  of  the  administration  of  the  Smith-Hughes 
Act  for  the  promotion  of  Vocational  Education  in  Agriculture 


Jv'w.  Patty 


Written  in  connection  ?rith  ■  course  in  Agricultural  Education 
203  in  the  University  of  California,  during  the  Pall  Semester 

1919 


Fr spared  under  the  Direction  of  Professor  F.  L.  Griffin, 
Associate  Frofessor  of  Agricultural  Education 


/ATtON 

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EEUCAJrtOH  LIBBi 


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1       &S&3. 

CONTENTS 


I«   Brief  digest  of  Federal  law,  the  Smith-Hughes  Act 

of  Vocational  Education,  with  special  reference 

to  the  fundamental  conditions  and  requirements 

of  Agriculture   .•..1-4 

II ♦  General  discussion  of  the  operation  of  the  act  in 

the  various  states 5-11 

A.  Conditions,  standards,  requirements,  and  methods 

that  seem  to  be  more  or  less  uniform  in  the 

in  the  United  States,  including  state  plan 

of  organization  for  administration  .  .  .5-8 

B.  Brief  mention  of  original  methods,  and  peculiar 

conditions  and  standards •  8  -  11 

III.  Studies  of  representative  statee 12-  79 

A.  Individual,  summarized  studies  of  representative 

states .12-  58 

B.  Individual,   suggested  Courses  of  Study  of 

representative  states 59-  79 

IV.  Summarized  impressions  and  recommendations,  based 

upon  a  comparative  study  of  methods  of  various 
states •    .    • 80-87 

M819506  \ 


li 


V,  Suggestive  four  year  Course  of  Study  • 88-39 

VI.  California .90-95 

A.  Act  of  adoption ♦  ,90-91 

B.  Method  of  procedure  in  establishment  of 

Vocational  Courses  in  Agriculture 

under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  in 

California 91-93 

C.  Financial  aid  to  be  expected.  ......  #93-95 

D.  Professional  aid  to  be  expected 95 

VII  •   Bibliography 


1.  Brief  digest  of  Federal  law,  the  Smith- 
Hughes  Act  for  the  Promotion  of  Vocational 
Education,  with  special  reference  to  the 
fundamental  conditions  and  requirements  of 
Agriculture. 

(The  Smith-Hughes  Act  signed  February  23,1917.) 


■An  Act  to  provide  for  the  promotion  of  vocational 
education;  to  provide  for  co-operation  with  the  states  in  the 
promotion  of  such  education  in  agriculture  and  in  the  trades 
and  industries;  to  provide  for  co-operation  with  the  states 
in  the  preparation  of  teachers  of  vocational  subjects;  and 
to  appropriate  money  and  regulate  its  expenditure." 

A.  Financial  provisions  of  the  Act. 

1.  For  the  purpose  of  co-operating  with  the  states 
in  paying  the  salaries  of  teachers,  supervisors, 
or  directors  of  agricultural  subjects,  the 
following  appropriations  are  made:  For  fiscal 
year,  ending  June  30,  1918,  $500, 000;  fiscal 
year  1919,  S?50,000;  fiscal  year  1920,  $1,000,000; 
fiscal  year  1921,  $1,250,000;  fiscal  year  1922, 
11,500,000;  fiscal  year  1923#  11,750,000;  fiscal 
year  1924,  12,000,000;  fiscal  year  1925,  |2,500, 

000;  fiscal  year  1926  and  annually  thereafter, 
13,000,000.   Sum  allotted  to  each  state  in  pro- 
portion which  its  rural  population  bears  to  the 


(. 


total  rural  population  of  the  U.  S«  Proviso: 
No  state  shall  receive  annually  less  than 
§5000,  prior  to  1923,  nor  less  than  $10,000 
after  that  year;  deficiency  appropriations 
to  provide  this  "minimum  allotment •• 

2.  For  the  purpose  of  co-operating  with  the 
states  in  preparing  teachers,  supervisors  and 
directors  of  agricultural  subjects  and  the 
teachers  of  trade  and  industrial  and  home 
economics  subjects  the  following  appropria- 
tions are  made:  For  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1918,  $500,000;  fiscal  year  1919, 
$700, 000;  fiscal  year  1920,  §900,000;  fiscal 
year  1921  and  annually  thereafter,  *1, 000, 000. 
Sum  allotted  to  state  in  proportion  which  its 
population  bears  to  total  population  of  IT.  S« 
Proviso:  No  state  shall  receive  annually  less 
than  ?5,000  annually  prior  to  1919,  nor  less 
than  $10,000  after  that  year;  deficiency 
appropriations  to  provide  this  "minimum  allot- 
ment .  * 

3.  The  sum  of  1200,000  is  appropriated  for  the 
administration  of  the  act,  for  the  payment  of 
salaries  of  officers  and  assistants,  etc. 
Board  may  allot  any  part  of  this  appropriation 
to  any  IT.  S.  Department1  or  bureau  for  the 
purpose  of  making  any  study  or  investigation 
contemplated  in  this  act. 

4»  Appropriations  herein  made  to  be  expended  only 
for  salaries  of  teachers,  supervisors,  or 
directors,  as  herein  provided.  The  cost  of 
instruction  supplementrirv  to  the  instruction 
in  agricultural  subjects  provided  for  in  this 
act,  necessary  to  build  up  a  well-rounded  course 
of  training,  shall  be  borne  by  the  state  and 
and  local  communities,  and  no  part  of  the  cost 
thereof  shall  be  borne  out  of  the  appropriations 
herein  made.   Appropriations  conditioned  that 
the  state  or  local  community,  or  both,  shall 
expend  an  equal  amount  for  salaries. 


5.  In  order  to  secure  the  benefits  of  this 
act,  state  shall,  through  legislative 
authority  thereof,  accept  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  and  designate  or  appoint  a 
state  board,  consisting  of  not  less  than 
three  members,  and  having  power  to  co- 
operate with  the  Federal  Board  of  Vocation- 
al Education.   After  June  SO,  1920,  np 
state  shall  receive  any  appropriation  for 
salaries  of  teachers,  supervisors,  or 
directors  of  agricultural  subjects  until 

it  has  taken  advantage  of  at  least  the 
minimum  amount  appropriated  for  the  train*- 
ing  of  teachers,  supervisors,  or  directors 
of  agricultural  subjects, 

6.  To  secure  the  benefits  of  appropriation, 
State  board  "'shall  prepare  plan3  showing 
the  kinds  of  vocational  education  for  which 
it  is  proposed  that  the  appropriation  shall 
be  used;  the  kinds  of  schools  and  equipment; 
courses  of  study;  methods  of  instruction; 
qualifications  of  teachers;  and,  in  the 
case  of  agricultural  subjects,  plans  for  the 
supervision  of  agricultural  education." 
Such  plans  to  be  submitted  to  the  Federal 
board.  State  board  shall  report  annually 

to  the  Federal  board  on  or  before  September 
1, 

7.  In  order  to  receive  the  benefits  of  this  act, 
State  board  shall  provide  in  its  plan  for 
agricultural  education  that  it  shall  be  under 
public  supervision  or  control;  that  its 
purpose  shall  be  to  fit  for  useful  employment; 
that  it  sh\ll  be  of  less  than  college  grade 
and  designed  for  persons  over  14  years  of  age; 
that  the  state  or  local  community,  or  both, 
shall  provide  plant  and  equipment  as  determined 
upon  by  State  board,  with  approval  of  Federal 
board;  that  amount  expended  for  any  school  or 
class  shall  not  be  less  than  amount  fixed  by 
State  board  with  approval  of  Federal  board,  for 
such  schools  or  classes  in  the  state;  that  such 


schools  shall  provide  for  supervised  prac- 
tice in  agriculture  for  at  least  six  months 
per  year;  that  teachers  shall  have  at 
least  minimum  qualifications  determined  by 
State  board  with  approval  of  Federal  board* 


II*  General  discussion  of  the  operation 
of  the  act  in  the  various  states. 

A.  Conditions,  standards  requirements  and  methods 
that  seem  to  be  more  or  less  uniform  in  the  different  states, 
including  the  state  plan  of  organization  for  administration. 

Practically  all  states  have  now  made  provision  for 
the  supervision  and  administration  of  the  act  by  providing, 
in  addition  to  the  State  Board  of  Vocational  Education  posi- 
tively required  by  law,  a  State  Director  of  Vocational 
Education,  a  State  Supervisor  of  Agricultural  Education,  a 
State  Supervisor  of  Industrial  Education,  and  a  State  Superb- 
visor  of  Home  Economics  Instruction* 

These  officers  are  the  administrators  of  the  Act  in 
the  state  through  power  delegated  to  them  by  the  State  board. 
They  make  investigations  and  surveys,  promote  the  establish- 
ment of  vocational  classes,  approve  or  disapprove  schools 
applying  for  aid,  supervise  instruction,  hold  conferences 
with  vocational  teachers,  supervise  the  teacher-training  work, 
prepare  the  state  annual  report  to  the  Federal  board,  and 
co-operate  with  all  agencies  in  carrying  out  the  policy  of 
the  State  and  Federal  boards  with  regard  to  vocational  educa- 


tioru 

It  is  required  that  vocational  education,  in 
order  to  be  approved  for  aid,  must: 

1.  Be  given  under  public  supervision  and 
control. 

2.  Have  as  its  definite  aim  to  fit  for 
useful  employment. 

3.  Be  designed  to  meet  the  needs  of  persons 
over  fourteen  years  of  age. 

4.  Be  of  less  thar>  collet  grade. 

5.  The  teacher  of  agriculture  must  be  hired 
for  13  months. 

6.  Provide  for,  at  leant  six  months  super- 
vised practice  work. 

In  twenty  of  the  twenty-three  states,  given 
special  attention  in  this  study,  the  project  method  is 
used  in  securing  the  required  practice  work.   In  addition 
to  the  twenty  states  that  require  the  project  as  an 
integral  part  of  the  course,  Missouri  recommends  the  Class 
"A"  project  which  is  the  method  of  making  the  individual 
project  the  controlling  factor  in  choice  of  subject  matter 
for  study  in  the  allied  subjects  of  the  year's  work.   Seven 
of  the  states  referred  to  require  projects  of  this  class  "A* 


type.   Thirteen  states  require  project  work  of  the  class 
"B"  type,  a  type  of  practical  work;  but  where  the  method 
is  not  to  group  the  course  about  the  project*   In  this 
method  the  project  might  be  in  a  line  of  farm  work  that 
bore  no  relation  to  the  agricultural  subjects  being  studied 
at  school.   The  state  of  Oregon  requires  type  "D"  of 
practice  work,  consisting  of  six  months  farm  practice.  They 
recommend  home  project  work  of  type  "B*,  however. 

Twelve  of  the  twenty-three  states  provide  specifi- 
cally for  transportation  for  the  instructor  at  the  district 
expense.  This  provision  is  recommended;  but  not  required  in 
several  other  states. 

The  states  uniformly  require  laboratory  equipment 
costing  at  least  $250.   A  considerable  number  have  set  this 
minimum  at  |500.   All  states  require,  as  minimum  preparation 
of  instructors,  at  least  two  years  of  practical  farm  exper- 
ience, graduation  from  a  standard  Agricultural  College,  and 
sympathy  with  rural  life.   For  directors  and  supervisors  the 
same  standard  plus  three  years  successful  teaching  experience 
of  Agriculture  is  usually  required.   The  four  year  course 
is  now  in  general  operation,  although  in  some  of  the  smaller 
schools  it  is  advisable  to  combine  the  work  of  the  first 


>ffl 


Of. 


3 


year  with  the  third,  and  the  second  with  the  fourth  in 
order  not  to  waste  the  instructor's  time;  and  operate 
with  a  minimum  number  of  teachers. 

B.  Brief  mention  of  original  methods,  and  peculiar 
conditions  and  standards. 

There  are  two  peculiar  features  of  the  Iowa  plan. 
It  provides  that,  in  cities  over  5000  in  papulation,  the 
local  Board  of  Education  shall  appoint  a  local  advisory 
committee  for  vocational  education,  composed  of  persons  ex- 
perienced in  Agriculture,  Industry,  Home  Economics,  or 
Business.   The  other  feature  is  that  the  instructor  must 
give  his  entire  time  to  an  agriculture  class  of  10  members; 
and  under  no  circumstances  may  include  more  than  30  in  his 
instruction. 

All  of  the  states  studied,  except  Arizona,  set  a 
minimum  salary  to  be  paid  instructors  of  Vocational  Agri- 
culture.  In  most  cases  this  minimum  is  quite  liberal.  There 
is  a  variance  for  white  teachers  from  *1200  to  £1500  as 
annual  state  minimum.   A  peculiarity  of  the  Georgia  plan 
is  the  establishment  of  a  minimum  for  negro  teachers  of  |500 
per  year.   Florida  pays  negro  teachers  of  Agriculture  $600 
per  year,  and  white  teachers  $1500  minimum.   A  strong  feature 


9 


of  the  Florida  plan  is  the  detailed  completeness  of  the 
teacher-training  course.   The  Georgia  plan  gives  unusual 
attention  to  field  supervision,  a  ver,y  desirable  feature. 
Georgia  has  several  agricultural  schools  under  state 
control.   The  white  schools  seem  to  be  of  high  school 
grade,  while  the  negro  agricultural  schools  appear  to  be 
of  elementary  grade. 

The  su* jested  courses  of  study  for  Kentucky,  Montana, 
and  Tennessee  might  be  adversely  criticized,  as  courses  in 
Vocational  Agriculture,  because  of  the  unusual  proportion 
of  attention  given  to  classical  English.   Each  provides  for 
four  years  of  standard  Stilish.   A  desirable  feature  of 
the  bulletin  edited  by  the  Tennessee  Department  is  the 
helpful  and  comprehensive  bibliography  for  the  use  of  teachers 

Space  does  not  permit  all  the  desirable  and  undesir- 
able peculiarities  of  the  situations  and  plans  of  the  various 
states.   Something  should  be  said,  however,  in  regard  to 
the  practice  work  which  is  beincr  done  in  the  various  states. 
As  was  previously  mentioned  (  in  II  A  ) ,  practically  all 
the  states  are  usin*  some  form  of  the  project  method.   One 
feature  of  the  home  project  work  in  Colorado  is  the  method 
of  giving  credit.  One  unit  of  credit  is  given  for  a  success- 


. 


10 


ful  project  carried  out  to  specifications.   This  is  on  a 
basis  of  50$  for  field  work,  3S#  for  records,  and  25$  on 
exhibit  at  County  Fair.   a.  grade  of  f&&   is  required  for 
credit. 

The  North  Carolina  plan  lays  more  than  the  usual 
stress  on  the  school  farm,  recommending  from  50  to  100 
acres  of  land,  stocked  up  with  the  best  ?rade  of  animals 
etc.   In  Worth  Carolina  the  failure  of  a  teacher  of 
Agriculture,  who  has  the  operation  of  a  school  farm,  to 
provide  a  good  garden,  both  Summer  and  Winter,  should  be 
considered  just  cause  for  withholding  State  and  Federal 
appropriations.   The  requirement  in  Oregon  is  for  six  months 
farm  practice;  but  the  project  is  »iven  a  recommendation  as 
practice  work. 

The  work  in  Massachusetts  is  featured  by  the  unusual- 
ly successful  development  of  the  home  project  method  of 
instruction.   There  the  instruction  it  really  grouped  about 
the  project.   The  allied  work  of  the  student  is  correlated 
with  his  project.   The  work  in  that  state  has  been  developed 
under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Btimson  who  is  the  author  of 
an  interesting  bock,  •  Vocational  Agricultural  Education, 
by  the  Home  Froject  Method.  " California's  plan  is  character- 


11 


ized  by  a  strict  adherence  to  the  spirit  as  well  as  to  the 
letter  of  the  Federal  law»   The  emphasis  is  strongly  on  the 
practical.   The  class  "A"  type  of  home  project  predominates  in 
the  course.   The  course  of  study  is  featured  by  the  emphasis 
on  the  farm  application  of  subjects.   One  feature  peculiar 
to  the  Utah  plan  is  their  variety  of  plans  for  supervised 
practice  work.   They  require  home  projects;  and  provide 
four  types  of  projects; 

(1)  Individual  ownership  Method.   (2)  Individual  Lease  Method. 
(3)  Apprenticeship  Method.   (4)  Home  Employment  Method. 


oca 


12 


III.   Studies  of  Representative  States 

A.   List  of  representative  state3  included 

Arizona 

California 

Connecticut 

Colorado 

Florida 

Georgia 

Iowa 

Illinois 

Kentucky 

Massachusetts 

Missouri 

Montana 

Michigan 

Nebraska 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Oregon 

Oklahoma 

South  Dakota 


13 


Texas 
Tennessee 
Utah 
Virginia 


14 


Questions  Answered  in  the  Following  Summarized 

Agricultural  Education  in  the  Various  States  under  the 
Snith-ttikghes  Act,  16  Iff ■ 


1.  Agricultural  Schools;  or  Hirtfi  School  Departments? 
2»  Is  plot  of  ground  required  at  the  school? 

3.  What  is  minimum  requirement  for  laboratory  equip- 
ment? 

4.  What  is  minimum  enrollment  required  for  approval; 

and  aid? 

5.  Fercentage  of  salaries  of  instructors  paid  by 
State?  Community? 

6.  Is  "Home  Project*  method  required? 

If  so,  does  it — 

(A)  Control  schoolroom  instruction  by  "Cor- 
relation method", 

(B)  Is  it  independent  of  class  instruction, 
CC)  Is  it  of  the  "farm  management"  type;  or 
(P;  Is  the  farm  experience  system  used? 

7.  Are  instructors  hired  for  twelve  months? 

8.  Give  the  length  of  the  course  in  years?  What  is 
the  nature  of  the  course  for  each  year? 

9.  What  practical  experience  and  educational  qual-   m 
ifications  are  required  of  instructors? 

10.  What  provision  is  made  for  supervision  of  teachers, 
courses,  equipment,  buildings,  etc.? 

11.  What  provisions  for  teacher-training;  and  profession* 
al  improvement? 


16 


12.  Must  the  board  of  education  provide  trans- 
portation for  the  instructor  in  his  work  of 
home  project  supervision,  and  other  field  work? 


Brief  summary  of  any  unusual  features  of  State 
Plan. 


16 


Arizona 


I.  Agricultural  schools  of  High  School  grade. 

High  School  Departments. 

Agriculture  departments  of  secondary  school  grade 

conducted  by  Normal  Schools. 
Short  courses  from  one  to  eighteen  weeks  in  any  of 

the  above. 
Part  time  and  evening  classes  in  any  of  the  above. 

3.   Inferred;  but  not  required.  Recommended  for  experi- 
mental work. 

3.  Recommended  $500  with  $200  additional  for  farm  mechanics 

shop.   ^5  per  pupil  for  materials. 

4.  Not  specified. 

5.  50w  federal.   50-  state  money. 

6.  Yes.   Class  "B"  type  of  home  project. 
7*   Yes.   (One  month  vacation.) 

8.   One  to  four  years. 

9«   Two  years  practical  experience  after  IS  yra.  of  age. 

Graduate  from  standard  Agricultural  College. 
10.  State  Director  of  Vocational  Education.   Itinerant 

teacher-training  provided   for.     Prof,    of  Agriculture 

secured  for  part-time  for  Tork. 

II.  One  month  during  dull  season  to  be  f*iven  teacher  for 

professional  improvement.   Training  Course  at  University 


17 


of  Arizona* 
12.  Not  specified* 


One  feature  of  Arizona  law  was  failure  to  set 
minimum  salary  for  instructors*   Other  features 
pretty  carefully  worked  out • 


California 

1*  High  School  Departments* 

2*   Yes.  Plot  sufficient  for  experimental  purposes. 

3*  Present  science  and  manual  training  laboratories  plus 
•slight  modifications1*  Each  district  must  expend 
for  each  class  maintained  (  including  teachers1 
salaries,  overhead,  etc.)  not  less  than  |1800  per  year* 

4*  Not  specified* 

5*   Federal  and  State  pay  for  first  teacher  unit  of  instruction 
flOOO 

Federal  and  State  pay  for  second  teacher  unit  of  instruction 
$700 

Federal  and  State  pay  for  third  teacher  unit  of  instruction 
$500 

Federal  and  State  pay  for  fourth  teacher  unit  of  instruction 
|200 

6.  Required.   Instruction,  class  A-Froject  controls  class- 
room instruction  by  correlation  method. 

7*   Yes.  Minimum  of  $1500  for  applied,  and  fl200  for  supple- 
mental subject  instruction* 


18 


8.  One  year  at  first,  increasing  to  four  years  as  soon 

as  sufficient  number  of  prepared  pupils  desire  the 
work,   1st  yr-  Farm  English,  Science,  Math.,  Hygiene 
&  Sanitation.  2nd  -  Farm  Science,  ¥ath.,  Citizen- 
ship, English.  4th  -  Farm  Ficon.  Farm  project  each 
year. 

9.  Must  be  experienced  in  farming;  and  hold  special  cert- 

ificates in  vocational  type  of  Agriculture* 

10.  One  of  special  instructors  must  be  in  charge  of  depart"* 

ment.  Commissioner  of  Vocational  Education.   State 
Supervisor  of  Agricultural  Instruction.  State  Director 
of  Agriculture  Teachers  Training* 

11*  Agriculture  Club  must  be  organised  wherever  an  approved 
and  aided  course  is  located*   Arrangements  may  be  made 
with  State  Board  whereby  teachers  may  visit  other 
schools  or  classes  provided  for  the  advanced  training 
of  teachers* 

12*  Not  specified* 

California's  plan  is  characterized  by  a  strict 
adherence  to  the  spirit  as  well  as  the  letter  of 
the  federal  law.  The  emphasis  is  strongly  on  the 
practical*  The  plan  requires  at  least  eight 
weeks  practical  work  on  a  farm  before  the  pupil 
enters  on  the  third  year  of  the  course  and  sixteen 
weeks  before  the  fourth  year  may  be  started*  The 
emphasized  point  in  the  qualifications  of  in- 


MB 


•>^r«v 


19 


structors  is  that  they  should  have  practical 
f arming  experience* 

The  course  of  study  is  characterized  by  the 
emphasis  on  the  farm  application  of  subjects. 
There  are  but  Z£   units  of  ordinary  academic 
work  offered  -  2nd  yr.  English  £$   Citizenship 
4#  3rd  ?toglish  s,  nomocracy  i,   3rd  Pev.  of 
TJ.  S.  i9   Farm  projects  and  Farm  mechanics  8 
units,  2  units  (^  of  course)  each  year. 


Connecticut 

1.  Hi^h  School  departments  or  Agricultural  Schools. 

2.  Not  specified. 

3.  "At  least  one  room  properly  equipped*  approved  by  the 

High  School  Inspector.   At  least  |5.00  per  pupil  in 
course  per  year  for  supplies, 

4.  Not  specified. 

5.  Federal  fund  50$  as  far  as  it  will  reach.   "For  every 

dollar  of  federal  funds,  the  state  will  spend  many 
more  than  the  same  equity.1* 

6.  Tes.   Class  •B*  project  method. 

7.  Yes. 

9.   Two  years  practical  experience;  and  B.  8.  in  Agriculture. 
Must  be  a  man  21  years  of  a^e.   Citizen  of  TJ.  3.  12 
hrs.  practice  teaching. 


.  . 


20 


10.   State  Supervisor  and  Director.   Supervisor  *  5  yrs. 

Ag.  teach,  exp. 
11«   State  Supervisor  will  assist  and  supervise  teaching 

in  the  field.   Teachers  will  be  allowed  suitable 

vacation. 
1?.  Not  specified. 

Colorado 

1.  High  School  departments,  only. 

2.  No. 

3«  Suitable  room,  cabinet3,  reference  books,  bulletins, 
farm  papers,  laboratory  equipment  of  $500,  and  per 
capita  maintainance  fee  |5« 

4.  10,  if  25*  from  country  -  otherwise  20.6  for  each  class 

aided. 

5.  5CK  federal.   50^  local  district. 

6.  Yes.   Glass  "B"  home  project  work. 

7.  Yes. 

8.  Pour  Tear  course. 

(<3ee  III  B  for  detailed  course  of  study). 

9.  Graduates   from  Agricultural  Colleges.     Practical  farm 

experience. 


21 


10.  State  Director  of  Vocational  Education. 

11.  Teacher-training  provided  for  at  Colorado  Agricultural 

College,  Port  Collin3,  Colorado. 

12.  Tes. 

One  feature  of  the  home  project  work  in  Colorado 
is  the  method  of  giving  credit.  One  unit 
of  credit  is  given  for  a  successful  project 
carried  out  to  specifications.   This  is  on 
a  basis  of  50$  for  field  work,  25$  for 
records  and  25$  on  exhibit  at  county  fair. 
75$  required  for  credit. 

An  unusual  project  was  developed  here  in  the 
tractor  project.   A  careful  record  was  kept 
of  hours  of  work  each  day,  work  accomplished 
in  current  price  terms,  initial  and  final 
value  of  tractor,  cost  of  fuel  and  repairs, 
wages  of  operator;  and  alao  the  various 
wages  earned  by  tractor  at  various  kinds  of 
work. 

Net  gain   for  season  »  S368.93 


Florida 

1.  Departments  in  (a)  Hural  Graded,  (b)  Approved  High 

Schools,  and  (c)  limited  number  of  negro  schools. 

2.  Implied  in  III  J  3  of  Bulletin;  but  not  prescribed. 

3.  $200  -  |500  laboratory  equipment. 

4.  Not  prescribed. 


22 


5.  50f>  of  salaries  of  Instructors  by  state.   50$  federal 

funds • 

6.  Yes,   Class  "A*.   "The  method  of  instruction  must  be 

based  on— 

(a)  Supervised  projects  in  vocational  agriculture". 

7.  Yes. 

8.  Two  to  four  years. 

Course  of  Study 

"The  course  of  study  for  vocational  agricultural 
departments  3hall  consist  of  not  less  than 
2  nor  more  than  4  years  work;  90  minutes  a 
day  of  which  time  shall  be  devoted  each 
year  to  instruction  in  vocational  agricul- 
ture plus  an  equivalent  amount  in  practice, 
including  supervised  projects  and  study  and 
general  instruction  in  agriculture  and 
projects". 

9.  Two  years  practical  experience  after  the  age  of  twelve. 

Mu9t  be  a  graduate  from  a  state  Agricultural  College; 
or  its  equivalent.   The  minimum  age  shall  be  21 
years.  One  full  year's  course  in  education j  or  its 
equivalent.   One  half  year's  teaching  experience 
of  Agriculture  (May  be  practice-teaching  at  University 
of  Florida).   After  July  1,  1921,  all  applicants  for 
positions  as  teachers  of  Vocation  Agriculture  shall 
have  completed  the  four  year's  course  in  Vocational 


,6 


8  8  I 


.8 


•  v 


33 


Agricultural  Education  as  prescribed  by  the 
University  of  Florida;  or  its  equivalent. 

10.  Experience  of  Supervisor  must  be  two  years  practical 

farming  after  13  years  of  age*  Must  have  three 
years  of  teaching  experience  (  two  being  in 
Agriculture  ).  Must  be  at  least  25  years  of  age. 
Must  be  a  man.   A  graduate  of  an  Agricultural 
College;  or  its  equivalent.   Supervision  shall, 
temporarily  be  carried  on  by  two  State  Hural 
School  Inspectors. 

11.  Teacher-training  course  to  be  r*iven  at  University  of 

Florida.   To  be  given  only  to  those  having  the 
necessary  practical  experience.  To  consist  of  the 
following  division  of  time: 

(a)  One-fifth  of  time  to  courses  in  Fducation 
(teaching  of  AO. ) 

(b)  Three-fifths  time  to  Agricultural  subjects. 

1. Agronomy  (One  month  <?;iven  instructor  for  pro- 
fessional improvement.) 

2 .Farm  Machinery  and  Motors 

3. Animal  Husbandry 

4 .Dairy  Husbandry 

5.Horticulture(Plant  Propagation  and  Breeding, 
Trucking, Flori  culture ,Gitrus  and  subtropical 
fruit  culture.  Fruit  harvest ing,  judging,  and 
marketing  and)  Fruit  Pests  and  Insects. 
Forestry. 

(c)  One- fifth  of  time  to  appropriate  liberal  art  subjects. 


34 


13.  Does  for  State  Supervisors;  not  instructors. 

One  peculiar  feature  of  the  Florida  law  is 
the  establishment  of  a  minimum  wage  of 
white  teachers  at  $1500;  and  negro  teachers 
at  f600.   As  a  whole,  the  Florida  plan  is 
promising*  They  have  gone  farther  than 
any  other  state  in  the  detailed  complete- 
ness in  which  they  prescribe  the  teacher's 
training  course* 


Georgia 

It   All  day  agricultural  schools  in  special  State  Agt 
Schools,  state  Negro  Schools,  Vocational  Agt 
Departments  in  High  Schools  for  whites,  Voca- 
tional Ag.  Departments  in  local  Negro  schools . 
Part  time  schools  may  be  established* 

2.-  For  State  Ag.  Schools  200  acres  of  land.  State 

Negro  Schools-  50  acres  of  land.  Others  not  re- 
quir  ed . 

3.  A  State  A^.  School  -  $860.00,  State  Negro  School 

$300.00,  High  School  for  whites  -  $460.00,  Negro 
school  |225.   |2. 50  per  pupil  for  up- keep. 

4 .  None . 

5t   U.  S.  50$.   Local  District  and  State  50$. 


25 


6.  Emphasized,   Most  of  project  work  seemed  to  be  of 

class  "B** 

7.  Yes. 

8.  Two  required.   Four  recommended.   "Course  of  study 

shall  consist  of  technical  instruction,  shop 
practice,  supervised  practice,  related  work  and 
cultural  training.  45-minute  period  per  day  shall 
be  given  to  related  sciences*  m 

9.  Men  only,  21  yrs.  old.   Two  years  adult  farm  exper- 

ience (after  12  yrs.  of  age).   After  1021  all 
teachers  must  have  graduated  from  four  years 
college  course  for  Vocational  Agriculture  teachers; 
or  its  equivalent* 

10.^  State  Supervisor  assisted  by  General  High  School  In- 
spector.  State  Supervisor  must  have  two  years  teach- 
ing of  Ag.  in  addition  to  regular  instructor  standard* 
Thorough  system  outlined* 

11*  State  Supervisor  gives  half  time  to  teacher-training 
in  field.  One  month  professional  improvement* 

13.   Yes* 

The  Georgia  plan  provides  for  satisfactory  super- 
vision by  state  and  local  instructors.  One  of 
the  states  to  make  furnishingof  local  instructor 


ecf 


*  - 


36 


with  transportation  compulsory.  Peculiar 
features  of  the  Georgia  problem  are  the 
negro  schools.   They  seem  to  have  several 
State  Agricultural  Schools  for  whites  and 
separate  ones  for  negroes*  They  have 
white  high  schools;  but  mention  negro 
schools,  as  if  they  were  for  grades  only* 
Difference  in  pay  for  white  and  negro  in- 
structors; and  exclusion  of  lady  teachers 
of  Agriculture  are  also  features.  Provides 
for  the  establishment  of  part-time  schools 
in  Agriculture. ( "May  be  established")* 


Iowa 


1,   Schools,  departmental  or  classes* 

2*   Yes.  Plot  for  demonstration  purposes* 

5*   Not  less  than  $500.00  Library.   At  least  $75  per  yr. 

for  incidental  expenses* 
4*  -  Ten* 

5*   Federal  50$.   Local  district  50$* 
6.   18  weeks  to  four  years.  Evidently  class  "B*.  Home 

project,  as  such,  not  specifically  mentioned* 

Stress  upon  "Farm  Practice"* 
7*   Yes* 
8t   Not  specified.  Provision  in  Iowa  law  for  short  courses 

for  young  farmers,  also  for  evening  classes* 


WT 


e;uc 


27 


50$  of  time  to  be  spent  in  farm  practice 
occupations,  and  related  material* 
Remainder  of  time  spent  in  study  of  such  subjects 
as:  English,  History,  Citizenship,  Government, 
Mechanical  Drawing,  Economics,  Hygiene,  and 
physical  training.   Language  and  Mathematics 
elective. 
9.    Two  years  continuous  practical  experience  since  14 

years  of  age*   8ympathy  with  farm  work  and  rural 
life. 
Graduate  of  four  year  course  in  Agriculture,  includ- 
ing farm  mechanics  in  a  standard  Agricultural 
College* 
From  15  to  30  hours  of  Agricultural  Education  and 
Psychology.  One  year  of  supervised  teaching* 
10*   Director  of  Vocational  Education  and  Supervisor  of 

Vocational  Agricultural  Instruction  gives  1/10  of 
time  to  teacher  training  and  9/10  of  time  to  super* 
vision  in  the  field* 
11*   Provisions  for  teacher-training  at  Ames  Agricultural 
College  are  unsurpassed.  Provision  is  made  in 
the  law  that  a  portion  of  each  year  be  allowed  the 


it 


d 


38 


instructor  for  professional  improvement • 

12.   Yes.  It  is  suggested  that  the  most  satisfactory 

method  is  to  pay  instructor  additional  salary 

with  the  understanding  that  he  furnish  his 

own  car. 

There  are  two  peculiar  features  to  the  Iowa 
Plan.  One  is  particularly  worthy  of 
consideration.   It  provides  that,  in 
cities  over  5000,  the  local  Board  of 
Education  shall  appoint  a  local  advisory 
committee  for  Vocational  Education,  com- 
posed of  persons  experienced  in  agriculture, 
industry,  home  economics  or  business.  The 
other  feature  is  that  a  man  must  give  his 
entire  time  to  an  agriculture  class  of  ten; 
and  under  no  circumstances  may  include  more 
than  thirty  in  his  instruction. 


Illinois 

1.  High  School  departments. 

Normal  School  departments  of  secondary  grade. 

Short  term  courses  in  the  above* 

Part-time  and  evening  classes  in  the  above. 

2.  No. 

3.  $350  to  500  with  $300  additional  for  farm  mechanics. 

$5.00  per  pupil  per  year  for  maintainance. 

4.  Not  specified. 

5.  50$  federal.   50^>  Local  district. 


v 


29 


6.  Yes.     Home  project  of  class    "B*. 

7.  Yes. 

8.  One  to  four  years.   Also  short  courses. 

Course  of  Study  recommended 

1st  Yr:Farm  Crops,  Soils  and  Horticulture,  with 
related  Business  English. 

2nd  Yr: Animal  Husbandry,  with  related  Farm  Arithmetic 

3rd  Yr:Farm  Mechanics  with  related  Shop  Work. 

4th  Yr:Farm  Management  with  related  Farm  Bookkeeping 
Business. 

Supervised  Farm  Project  each  year. 

9.  Two  years  practical  farm  experience  after  age  of  14. 

Graduate  from  standard  four  year  course  in  Agri~ 
cultural  College,  preferably  Illinois  University. 
In  addition,  the  Director  must  have  had  at  least 
two  years  successful  teaching  experience  in  Agri** 
culture. 

10.  Supervisor  of  Agricultural  Education.  Plan  very 

complete. 

11.  Before  graduation  at  the  University  must  have  one 

semester  of  practice  teaching  under  supervision* 
One  month  each  year  to  be  given  to  instructor  for 
recreation  and  professional  improvement.  Teacher- 
training  under  Voc.Ag.  Supervisor) 


30 


12*   768* 


Teacher  training  and  supervisor  plans  strong 
features.  Lack  of  stress  on  home  project 
work  weak  point. 


Kentucky 

1.  High  School  departments,  Short  courses,  Part-time 

schools,  night  classes  and  Consolidated  Schools. 

2.  Yes,  either  at  school;  or  at  home.  Recommended  to 

be  at  school* 

3.  |250  laboratory,   |50  library.     |2.00  per  pupil  per 

year  for  supplies. 
4._   Not  specified. 

5.  50$  federal  funds.  50^  local  funds. 

6.  Yes.   Class  "B"  type. 

7.  Tes. 

8.  Either  two  or  four  year  courses. 

Two  Year  Type  Course 

First  Year 
First  Semester  Second  Semester 

Rhetoric  and  Composition  Rhetoric  and  Composition 

Mathematics-Algebra  Mathematics-Algebra 

Farm  Animals  Farm  Crops, Animals 

Home  Project  Work  Home  Project  Work 


tc;ov 


♦  8 


31 


Second  Year 
First  Semester  Second  Semester 


Literature  and  Classics  Literature  and  Classics* 

Mathematics  or  History  Mathematics  or  History 

Soils  and  Crops  Soils  and  Crops 

Home  Project  Work  Home  Project  Work 

(For  Four  Tear  Course  of  Study  see  III  B) . 

9.   Graduates  of  a  standard  College  of  Agriculture  or 
graduates  from  scientific  courses  of  standard 
colleges  who  have  had  three  years  practical  ex- 
perience since  the  age  of  twelve.   All  must  have 
had  a  tenth  part  of  the  course  in  Education. 

10«   Director  of  Vocational  Education  to  have  an  assist- 
ant to  supervise  the  work  in  agriculture.  He 
must  have  in  addition  to  the  requirements  of 
teachers,  two  years  successful  teaching  experience 
in  Agriculture;  and  one  year  in  a  supervisory 
position. 

11.  From  four  to  six  weeks  each  year  shall  be  allowed 
the  instructor  for  professional  improvement . 
For  white  teachers  the  training  will  be  given  at 
the  University  of  Kentucky  in  the  Agricultural 
department.   For  colored  teachers  the  work  is 
offered  in  Kentucky  Normal  and  Industrial  Institute. 


H  ft 


-^ 


32 


Itinerant  teacher-training  is  provided  for 
by  visits  by  the  Assistant  Director,  by 
pamphlets  and  correspondence* 
12,   No. 

The  courses  of  study  smack  noticeably  of  the  old 
classical  traditions.   The  project  work  does 
not  appear  to  be  given  the  attention  accorded 
it  by  some  state  plans. 

Massachusetts 

1.  County  Agricultural  Schools  and  High  School  Departments. 

2.  No.  Many  have  them,  however. 

3.  Adequate. 

4.  Not  specified. 

5.  State  pays  2/3  the  salaries  of  instructors ;   and  half 

the  cost  of  maintainance  of  County  Agricultural 
Schools. 

6.  Strongly  emphasized.   Class  A,  Home  Project  controls 

instruction. 

7.  Yes. 


&rtt$l 


ttstB      .6 


•  V 


33 


8.  Pour  years.   The  work  of  each  year  is  centered  around 

that  year's  project  of  the  individual.   While 
some  attempt  i9  made  to  interest  groups  in  similar 
projects  during  a  given  season,  the  work  is  in- 
dividual tutoring  in  nature. 

9.  Three  years  practical  farming.  Must  also  have 

collegiate  and  professional  training. 

10.  Vocational  supervisors  and  Directors. 

11.  Teachers  have  one  month  for  recreation  and  two  months 

for  professional  improvement  each  year.   Are 
hired  for  twelve  months. 

12.  Wot  specified.   Implied. 

The  work  in  Massachusetts  is  characterized  by  the 
featuring  of  the  "home  project".   It  also  has 
a  very  well  worked  out  system  for  the  pro- 
fessional improvement  of  its  instructors. 
Community  work,  club  work,  a  considerable 
development  of  the  County  Agricultural  School, 
and  thorough  supervision  of  the  work  is 
noticeable. 

Missouri 

1.  High  School  Departments.  Schools  of  Agriculture. 

2 .  Yes . 

3.  Sufficient  laboratory  equipment  for  testing  milk, 


>f      •  8 


■■:  wt* 


•  i 


34 


grafting  trees,  incubating  eggs,  testing 

soils,  making  butter  etc.   Library  and  farm 

shop* 
4.  Not  designated* 
5*   State  in  Sec.(l)  proceedings  of  Fiftieth  General 

Assembly  matches  dollar  for  dollar  of  Federal 

funds  appropriated  to  Missouri. 
6*   Strongly  recommended.   Class  A  instruction  to  be 

controlled  by  project  on  hand.  "Must  be  closely 

correlated,  taught  as  unit1. 
7.  Yes. 
8*   Two  years.  Plan  to  increase  to  three  year  course 

in  2nd  class  Hi.^h  Schools  and  four  years  in  1st 

class  High  Schools. 
1st  yr.  -Fng.l,Math.l,Farm  Mech.,  and  Gen. basic 

course  in  Agr.  3, 
2nd  yr.  -Fng.l, Civics  l,Farm  Crops, A. H., Soils  and 
Hort.  2. 

9.  Four  year  college  -  120  hrs  -  40^  agriculture  -20$ 

related.  16$  education.  T'vo  years  practical  farm 
experience*   (Less  may  be  accepted  pending  time 
for  adjustment). 

10*  State  Director  of  Vocational  Education.   State  super* 
visor  of  Agricultural  Fducation.   Qualifications 


•e 


35 


for  supervisor  are  same  as  for  instructor 

plus  at  least  two  years  teaching  of  agriculture. 
11  •   "Will  be  ff(iven  time  off  for  professional  improvement ■'• 
12.   Yes.  In  addition  the  amount  of  $5*00  per  pupil  must 

be  set  aside  to  provide  for  necessary  materials, 

expenses,  etc. 

1917-18  The  work  in  the  Missouri  schools  seems  to  be 
yet  in  the  experimental  stage;  and  has  far 
to  go  to  come  up  to  standard.   The  words 
of  the  state  Director  of  Vocational  Educa- 
tion  show  something  of  the  uncertainty  with 
which  they  have  so  far  attacked  the  problem. 
He  says  H  Our  motto  this  year  should  be 
•Let  us  do  our  best  under  the  conditions  as 
we  find  them1  ?  Only  one  school  in  the  state 
has  instruction  in  the  second  year  of  Agri- 
cultural course  at  present. 

1019-20  Shows  a  careful  plan  and  liberal  provisions  and 
appropriation.   Although  slow  to  start, 
Missouri  shows  fully  up  to  standard  for 
1919-20. 


Montana 

1.  Departments  in  County  High  Schools  and  approved  High 

Schools. 

2.  Not  prescribed. 

3.  Laboratory  equipment  costing  at  least  $350,  plus  |200 


.11 


ai-viei 


, 


36 


for  equipment  for  farm  mechanics.  $135 
library  «  $50  per  year  new  books. 

4.  Right  to  twelve  is  minimum. 

5.  50$  federal  funds.   50$  state.   Due  to  shortage  of 

funds  thus  far  the  combined  aid  has  totaled 
about  60^  of  salaries  of  teachers  of  Vocation- 
al Agriculture. 

6.  Yes,   Class  "A". 

7.  Yes. 

8.  Four  year  course  of  study.  Following  course  recomm- 

ended: (See  III  B) 

9.  Two  years  practical  farming.   Age  21,  at  least.  Four 

year  course  in  standard  Agricultural  College. 
Meet  other  state  requirements  for  certifica- 
tion by  state  Board  of  Education. 

10.  State  Director  of  Vocational  Education.   State  Super- 

visor of  Agricultural  Education.   Supervisor 
must  assist  in  organizing  new  courses,  inspect 
the  work  of  teachers;  and  report  annually. 

11.  A  very  definite  course  for  teachers  of  Vocational 

Agriculture  is  prescribed,  which  includes 
"practice  teaching".   This  course  is  offered 


)I 


37 


at  the  State  School  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic 

Arts  at  Bozeman.   The  Free,  of  the  college  is 

director  of  teacher-training;  and  also  must 

conduct  itinerant  teacher-training  courses* 

12.   Yes. 

The  Montana  plan  seems  carefully  planned.  It 
shows  a  more  detailed  study  than  most  of 
states,  in  so  far  as  available  information 
indicates.   Similar  to  the  Iowa  Plan,  it 
features  the  Short  Course.   In  its  Course  of 
Study  an  unusual  emphasis  is  laid  on  the  sub- 
ject of  English,  one-fourth  of  the  high  school 
course  being  devoted  to  11\«  study  of  English. 

Michigan 

1«_  Both.  High  School  courses;  and  County  Agricultural 

Schools. 
3.   Tes.  Size  not  specified. 

3.  $100.00  per  year  for  upkeep. 

4.  12  student 8. 

5.  State  pays  for  teacher- training*   50$, U.  S.  50$. 

1     •    •  teachers  25$,  U.S.  50$,  Local  district, 
25$. 

6.  Emphasizes  "Home  Project1.  Home  project  of  class  "B". 


.  1*1 


if 


Q 


38 


7.  Yes* 

8.  Three  required.   Four  recommended.   In  County  School 

of  Agriculture  two  years  required. 

9.  Two  years  practical  experience.  Graduate  of  Agri- 

cultural do liege  with  at  least  10  hours  education 
credits* 

10.  State  supervisor  of  Agriculture,  appointed  by  State 

Board. 

11.  Portion  cf  vacation  time  must  be  spent  in  study. 

12.  Yes. 

Farm  project  mu3t  require  at  least  144  hours. 
Students1  contract  must  also  be  signed  by 
parent  or  legal  guardian  in  order  to  make 
them  legal.   Close  supervision,  well  prepared 
instructors,  and  specific  provision  for  trans- 
portation mark  the  Michigan  law. 

Course  of  Study  by  Years 

1st  Plant  life  and  its  applications/  1  oem. 

Meah* Drawing  and  farm  carpentering  /  1  sem. 

2nd  Farm  crops  and  horticulture/  1  sem.  each. 

3rd  Animal  husbandry/  whole  year. 

4th  Soils  and  fertilizers/  1  sem. 

Farm  management  and  farm  mechanics/  1  sem. 

(See  ITT  B  for  more  detailed  Course  of  Study) 


9  *«1  .  V 


ttt* 


39 


Nebraska 

1.  High  School  Departments  (A)  County  High  Schools, 

(B)  Consolidated  schools,  (C)  Hural  High  Schools, 
(n)  City  High  Schools  "It  is  proposed  that  such 
schools  may  be  reimbursed  from  federal  funds  for 
the  salaries  of  vocational  agri culture *• 
2t  No.  Home  project  preferred.  Plot  for  experiment 
at  school  approved. 

3.  Annual  report  mu3t  be  made  to  state  department # 

showing  just  vrhat  equipment,  in  ""ood  condition, 
is  on  hand,   ?or  from  13  to  20  pupils  —  *250  to 
500,   |d00  to  250  for  farm  mechanics.   ^5.00  per 
pupil  per  annum  for  maintainance  expense  of 
supplies. 

4.  Not  specified. 

5.  50^  federal.   50^  stats  support. 

6.  7*33.   Cli33  A  instruction  correlated  -vith  the  Home 

project . 

7.  res. 

8.  Four  years.   Agriculture  work  of  four  years  selected 

from  —  Qen.  Agriculture,  A.  H.,  Crops  and  Soils, 


f*K 


B 


.  '■  .:V 


.8 


40 


Farm  Shop  Work,  Poultry  Husbandry,  Dairy  Hus.# 
Hort.,  Farm  Account  inn;,  Farm  Management,   i  unit 
per  yr,  allowed  for  field  work  on  project* 
(Detailed  course  III  B) 

9*   Practical  experience,  education  in  agriculture  and 

teaching  experience  desired  in  instructor.  Labor- 
atory work  and  field  project  work  strongly  em- 
phasized.  Four  year  Ag.  College  graduate  with  two 
years  practical  farm  experience. 

10*  State  Director  of  Vocational  Education  and  State  Super- 
visor of  Agricultural  Instruction*   "He  shall  assist 
in  training  teachers  in  service  by  conferences, 
correspondence,  publications,  and  personal  inspec- 
tion of  wcrk  donef* 

11.  All  teacher-training  to  be  at  University  of  Nebraska 
under  the  supervision  of  State  Supervisor  of  Agri- 
culture and  general  supervision  of  the  State 
Vocational  Director* 

13*  No. 

Material  at  hand  shows  Nebraska  to  have  very 
thorough  system  of  stats  supervision.  Forms  of 
reports  required  by  state  department  of  special 
interest.   State  Supervisor  very  frank  in  stating 
that  he  feels  that  previous  work  in  the  state 


41 


has  not  been  of  the  kind  desired.   Seems 
to  promise  efficient  work  in  that  line  when 
organization  ^ets  under  way.   He  emphasizes 
the  need  for  real  "home  project*  work. 


Kaw  York 

1.  High  School  Departments;  and  Schools  of  Agriculture* 

2.  Power  given  to  board  to  purchase* 

3.  "Adequate •« 

4.  15. 

5.  2/3  of  salary  not  exceeding  $1000. 

6»   Emphasized.   Apparently  of  class  A.  "Fractical  work 

should  correlate  with  suitable  technical  teaching*. 

7.  "  Yes. 

8.  Not  specified.  Work  to  be  adapted  to  local  community. 

In  addition  to  practice  work,  "they  should  teach 
mathematics,  drawing,  science  and  related  subjects, 
to  an  extent,  and  in  a  way  practically  useful  to 
the  pupil ■• 

9.  Special  Certification  by  Commissioner  of  Education* 

Specially  trained.   Two  year  graduate  from  profession- 


k* 


•  A 


Y* 


43 


al  school;  or  extra  special  practical  qualifica- 
tions* 

10.  8tate  Commissioner  of  Education. 

11 •  State  Agricultural  Schools  at  St*  Lawrence  University, 
Alfred  University,  and  Morrisville  may  give  courses 
for  the  training  of  teachers  in  agriculture. 

12.  Not  indicated. 

Peculiarity  of  New  York  law  in  not  making  employ- 
ment of  all  instructors  for  12  months.  However, 
makes  difference  in  appropriation*  One-third  of 
teacher's  salary  employed  for  36  wk.  (  if  an 
additional  teacher),  two- thirds  of  first  teacher's 
salary,  and  an  extra  $200  if  this  teacher  is 
employed  for  12  months*  Has  three  Agricultural 
Teacher-Training  Schools. 
(Pay  statu*  as  "iven  in  bulletin  of  1013) 

North  Carolina 

1*   Hi^h  -chool  departments.  (8th. -9th*-10th. -11th. grades) 

2.  School  farm  of  from  50  to  100  acres  recommended. 

3.  Not  specified*  Recommended  that  most  of  equipment  be 

made  at  school.  Room  with  movable  tables  and  chairs 
required. 

4.  Not  specified. 


- 


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43 


6.   50$  Federal  funds.   50$  State  and  local  community. 

6,  No.  Either  home  projects  or  work  on  the  school  farm 

i8  required.  Projects  offered  are  of  type  •3W. 

7,  Yes. 

8#   Pour  years,   Short  courses  of  6— -8  weeks  al3  0  recommended 
(Complete  four  year  Course  of  Study  -  see  III  B) 

9,  Not  specified, 

10,  State  Director  of  Vocational  Education;  and  a  State 

Supervisor  of  Agricultural  Education.  Monthly  re- 
ports are  required  by  the  Supervisor  from  the  in- 
structors, 

11.  Some  of  the  teacher-training  work  carried  on  is  by  the 

bulletin  method,  giving  methods ,  references,  questions, 
etc, 

12.  Not  specified,. 

The  North  Carolina  plan  lays  more  tkan  the  usual 
stress  on  the  school  farm,  reoommending  from  50 
to  100  acres  of  land,  stocked  up  with  the  beet 
grade  of  animals  etc, 

"The  failure  of  a  teacher  of  Agriculture,  who  has 
the  operation  of  a  school  farm,  to  provide  a 
good  garden,  both  Summer  and  Winter,  should  be 
considered  just  cause  for  withholding  State  and 
Federal  appropriations,  " 


3      *d 


§j 


• 


i>»i 


as. 


44 


Oregon 

1.  a)  All  day  or  department.  b)Fart-time  or  dull  season 

classes,  c)  Evening  classes,  for  men  over  16  years 
of  age* 

2.  Yes.   "Land  for  experimental  and  instructional  pur- 

poses .  • 

3.  $500  laboratory.   $20  library  initial  expenditure. 

$100  annual  fund  at  command  of  instructor  for  in- 
cidental expenses.  $10.00  per  annum  per  pupil  for 
maintainance  in  addition  to  the  |100  annual  fund 
referred  to. 

4.  Not  specified. 

5._  50^  Community.   50$  federal. 

6.  6  months  farm  practice  required.  Home  projects  re- 

commended.  "In  most  cases,  productive  projects  with 
reasonable  assurance  of  a  profit  are  most  desirable". 
Practical  work  of  class  HD"  required  and  class  "B# 
recommended. 

7.  Yes.   A  minimum  salary  of  $1200  per  annum. 

8.  Four  years. 

(Complete  Suggested  Course  of  Study  on  III  B) 


45 


9.  Two  years  practical  farm  experience*  Graduate  of 

four  year  agricultural  course  from  a  standard  Agri- 
cultural College.  His  course  must  have  included  the 
following  subjects:  a)  Soils #  b)  Farm  Crops,  c) Animal 
Husbandry,  d)Horticulture,  e)  Pural  Engineering, 
f)  Farm  Management.  He  must  have  15  hrs.  Education. 
He  must  have  had  practice  teaching.   (Director  same 
standard.) 

10.  The  Oregon  State  Agricultural  College  will  make  a 

formal  transfer  of  the  professor  of  Agricultural 
Education  to  the  state  board  of  vocational  education 
to  supervise  the  vocational  work  in  agriculture. 

11.  The  training  of  teachers  will  be  done  by  the  Oregon 

State  Agricultural  College  which  has  conducted 

similar  courses  for  five  years. 
This  training  will  be  under  the  supervision  of  the 

state  board  of  vocational  education. 
The  course  of  study  will  include  fifty  per  cent  of 

technical  instruction  in  Agriculture,  fifteen  per 

cent  of  Agricultural  Education  subjects  including 

practice  teaching,  30$  of  related  and  allied  subjects, 

15$  of  approved  elect ives. 


difr 


46 


The  entrance  requirements  are  two  years  practical 

farm  experience  plus  high  school  graduation. 

The  graduates  are  certificated  by  the  state  board 

of  education, 

13,   Yes. 

The  Oregon  law  is  featured  by  the  adequacy  of  the 
required  financial  becking  of  the  agricultural 
instructor.  The  provision  of  transportation  for 
a  well  equipped  instructor  plus  the  liberal 
maintainance  fund  should  bring  good  results. 


Oklahoma 

1.  High  School  Departments  and  State  and  District 

Agricultural  schools  of  secondary  grade.  Fart- 
time  and  Evening  Classes. 

2.  Desirable  to  have  at  least  one  acre  for  experimental 

work. 

3.  Suitable  room,  library  of  at  least  $50,  adequate 

laboratory  equipment,  and  subscribe  to  at  least  5 
or  4  farm  papers.   t5.00  per  pupil  maintainance 
fee, 

4.  At  least  six. 


B 


47 


5«   State  1/6,  Local  Community  1/3,  Federal  Punde  1/2. 

6.  Yes.   Type  "B".   At  least  360  hours. 

7.  Tes. 

8.  Four  year  course  for  All  Day  school. 
(For  detailed  Course  of  Study  see  III  B) 

9.  Two  years  practical  farm  experience;  21  years  of  agej 

a  graduate  of  standard  four  year  Agricultural  College 
carrying  130  semester  hours  of  which  at  least  40 
hours  are  strictly  practical  or  technical,  12  hours 
allied  subjects,  and  15  hours  of  professional  work 
including  practice  teaching. 

10.  State  Vocational  Director  and  Agricultural  Supervisor. 

Qualifications  of  Agricultural  Supervisor  are  the 
same  as  for  Instructor  plus  at  least  two  years 
successful  teaching  experience  in  Agriculture. 

11.  Teacher-training  at  A.  and  If.  College  at  Stillwater, 

Oklahoma.  Prerequisites  to  the  course  are  (1)  Two 
years  practical  farm  experience,  and  (2)  graduation 
from  standard  high  school. 
The  course  includes  as  a  practical  feature  actual 
practice-teaching  work  for  75  hours  in  the  secondary 
Agricultural  school  maintained  in  connection  with  the 


48 


college* 


"improvement  of  teachers  in  service  is  the 
function  of  the  State  Supervisor.  He  will 
require  professional  reading  and  reports 
in  the  form  of  theses  from  each  vocational 
teacher  in  addition  to  attendance  upon 
state  and  district  conferences  which  may  be 
called. • 


12.   Yes* 


South  Dakota 

1,   High  School  departments,  and  state  schools  maintaining 
departments  of  secondary  grade*  Part-time  and 
evening  short  courses* 

3*   Approved;  but  not  required* 

3*  ~  Suitable  room,  reference  books,  laboratory  «quipment# 
filing  cases,  subscription  to  farm  Journals,  class- 
ified bulletins  and  filing  cases.  The  initial  cost 
of  laboratory  equipment  to  be  not  less  than  $500* 
At  least  $5.00  per  pupil  per  year  to  be  set  aside 
for  use  of  instructor  for  necessary  materials* 

4.    If  25^  of  pupils  are  from  farm  homes,  an  initial  en- 
rollment of  10  pupils  will  be  approved  for  aid*   If 
that  is  not  the  case,  15  is  the  required  number* 


49 


There  mu3t  be  at  least  6  enrolled  in  each  year 
of  the  course  given  state  aid. 
5*   At  present  the  state  furnished  approximate  It  ZQff>$ 
local  community  20%   and  Federal  funds  50$. 

6.  Project  method  of  two  types  -  school  or  class  projects 

and  individual  projects.  Class  nB*  type  projects* 

7.  Yes. 

8.  Four  years. 

(For  detailed  course  of  study  see  III  B) 

9.  Age  31  years.  Graduate  of  standard  four  year  course  in 

Agricultural  College,  which  course  shall  include 
at  least  42  hrs.  strictly  technical  or  practical 
work  in  Agriculture,  18  hr3.  in  allied  subjects# 
13  hrs.  Ag.  Education,  3  hrs.  Psychology,  and  5 
hr3.  practice  teaching  of  vocational  Agriculture. 
At  least  two  years  practical  farm  experience,  one 
of  which  must  have  been  continuous. 

10.  The  Vocational  Board  of  Education  through  a  representa- 

tive must  visit  and  inspect  the  work  in  each  state- 
aid  school  at  least  once  each  quarter.  They  expect 
to  have  a  Vocational  Director  soon. 


0 


v  v : 


50 


11 •  The  training  of  teachers  shall  be  conducted  in  this 
state  at  the  State  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts  at  Brookings. 

12.   Yes. 


Texas 


1.  Departments  in  High  Schools,  Vocational  Agricultural 
Schools,  part-time  or  evening  classes  for  vocation* 
al  agriculture* 

3.  Yes.  A  minimum  of  one  acre,  for  Voc.  Ag.  Schools  a 
minimum  of  10  acres. 

3.  $200  for  departments,     $500  for  Voc.   Agricultural 

Schools. 

4.  Not  specified. 

5.  50$  federal  funds.   50$  local  funds.   An  appropriation 

was  made  by  the  state  to  guarantee  good  faith;  and 
to  be  used  only  "in  case  of  necessity  to  preserve 
the  good  name  of  the  state "• 

6.  Yes.   Class  "BH  type  of  projects. 

7.  Yes.   A  minimum  wage  of  $1200. 


51 


8.   Pour  years  of  work.   "50$  of  time  to  vocational  work 

including  instruction  in  Agriculture,  demonstrations, 

supervised  projects,  and  supervised  study  in  Agrl~ 

culture  and  Project  work*.   Three  bulletins  prepared 

by  their  department  (Bulletin  93- A  Yearfs  Course  in 

General  Agriculture,  Bulletin  93-A  Year's  Work  in 

Plant  Production,  Bulletin  94-A  Year1  a  Work  in 

Animal  Production)  give  3ome  idea  of  the  type  of  work 

expected.   The  making  of  the  Course  of  Study,  however, 

is  left  to  the  respective  boards.  They  outline 

their  proposed  Ooursej  and  submit  it  to  the  State 

Board  of  Vocational  Education  with  their  application 

for  approval. 

(State  Board  of  Education  acts  as  Vocational  Education 
Board.) 

9.   Must  be  a  man,  at  least  21  years  of  age.  Graduate  of 

a  standard  Agricultural  College  or  its  equivalent. 

One  full  year's  course  in  education.   One-half 

year1 3  teaching  of  Agriculture  in  a  secondary  school. 

Two  years  practical  experience  after  12th  year# 

"After  July  1,  1921,  eli.^ibles  for  positions  as 

teachers,  supervisors,  and  directors  of  Vocational 
Agriculture  shall  have  completed  a  four  year's 
college  course  in  Vocational  Agricultural  Educa- 


52 


tion.   Candidates  for  admission  to  have  14 
units  of  high  school  work*   Such  a  course 
will  provide  for  144  hours  work,  at  least 
40  hours  of  which  must  be  technical  agri- 
culture and  from  15  to  24  hours  professional 
training,  including  supervised  practice 
teaching  in  secondary  agriculture.  Upon 
the  completion  of  this  course,  a  permanent 
teacher1 3  certificate  will  be  granted  by  the 
State  Department  of  Education"* 

10.  Have  both  a  Director  and  Assistant  Director  of  Vocation- 

al Agriculture. 

11.  The  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  is  selected  for 

the  training  of  white  teachers #  for  colored  teachers, 

the  Prairie  View  Normal  and  Industrial  Institute. 

(See  par.  9.) 
Frequent  conventions  of  Vocational  Agriculture  teachers 

have  been  held*  and  comprehensive  programs  were 

carried  out. 
Committees  were  appointed  to  make  special  studies  and 

reports  on  agricultural  problems. 

12.  Yes.   Board  of  Education  must  also  provide  clerical 

assistance,  stationery  and  all  necessary  equipment 
before  approval  is  granted  by  the  State  Board  of 
Vocational  Education. 


BT 


•  0. 


9rfT 


53 


Tennessee 

1.  High  School  Departments. 

2.  Not  specified. 

3.  $250  of  laboratory  equipment,  a  separate  room  with 

movable  chairs  and  tables,  and  an  allotment  by 

board  of  education  of  |2*00  per  pupil  per  year 

for  materials* 
4*   Not  specified* 

5.   Federal  funds  50)5.   State  and  local  community  50$* 
6t   Yes.  Reports  on  projects  must  be  rendered  to  State 

Supervisor  each  month* 
7*   Yes* 
8*   Four  year 8 • 

(For  complete  Course  of  Study  see  III  B) 

9.  Must  be  a  graduate  from  a  standard  College  of  Agriculture 

Must  have  had  at  least  two  years  practical  farm 
experience* 

10.  A  State  Director  of  Vocational  Education  and  a  Stats 

Supervisor  of  Agricultural  Education. 
11*  The  Instructor  "must  spsnd  at  least  two  weeks  each 

year  in  professional  improvement."  Minimum  salary 


-Mil. I.  i         - 


L  M 


«■»  ( I  »•■.  ■«- 


'  • 


•  68T 


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if 


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54 


$1200  per  year. 
12.  Not  specified. 


A  feature  of  the  Tennessee  plan  peculiar  to 
that  state,  in  so  far  as  we  have  seen,  is 
the  requirement  of  monthly  reports  by  the 
instructor  to  State  Supervisor  on  each 
project. 

A  desirable  feature  of  Mr.  Clement's  bulletin 
is  a  comprehensive  bibliography  of  reference 
bulletins  and  books. 


Utah 

■ 

1.  a)  Part-time  Agricultural  Courses,  b)  Evening  Schools. 

c)  Short  Pull  Season  Schools,  d)  High  8chool 
Pepartrnents . 

2.  School  farm  mentioned  in  outline  of  courses;  but  is 

not  stipulated  as  a  requirement. 

3.  $250  to  $500  with  $200  additional  for  farm  mechanics 

equipment.   Suitable  rooms  and  laboratory.   $5.00 
per  pupil  to  be  set  aside  by  board  each  year  for 
material. 
4?   Not  specified. 

5.  50$  state.   50$  Federal  funds. 

6.  Yes.   Type  "B"  of  Home  project.  (Waived  *in  case  of 


of 


BC 


55 


necessity*) • 

7.  Yes. 

8.  Prom  one  to  four  years • 

(For  complete  Course  of  Study  seelll  B) 

9.  2  years  of  practical  farm  experience.  Must  be  21 

years  of  age.  Must  be  graduate  of  standard  Agri- 
cultural College  with  at  least  48  hours  of  Agri- 
culture, 18  hours  in  allied  subjects,  and  12  hours 
of  professional  work  including  3  hours  of  practice 
teaching.   Fitted  for  leadership  in  the  community. 

10.  Supervisors  of  Agriculture  shall  meet  the  standards 

and  qualifications  of  the  Instructor  of  Agriculture. 
In  addition  they  shall  have  had  at  least  two  years 
successful  teaching  or  supervising  of  Agriculture. 
He  shall  assist  in  the  establishment  of  new  courses, 
supervise  the  work  of  the  teachers,  have  charge 
of  teacher-training,  and  make  reports  to  the 
Director  of  Vocational  Education. 

11.  The  University  of  Utah  has  been  designated  to  train 

teachers  for  Smith-Hughes  work.  Only  men  having 
the  prerequisite  practical  experience  are  to  bo 
trained.   It  ie  recommended  that  the  teacher  be 


3h    tB 


. 


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od 


56 


allowed  one  month  during  the  dull  season  to 

improve  himself  professionally.   At  least 

one  week  must  ba  given  the  instructor  for  the 

purpose  of  visiting  schools  where  the  work 

is  being  offered* 

12.   res. 

One  feature  peculiar  to  the  Utah  plan  is  their 
variety  of  Plans  for  the  Supervised  practice 
work.  They  require  home  projects;  but  pro- 
vide four  kinds  of  projects: 

A.  Individual  ownership  Method. 

B.  Individual  leese  Method. 

C.  Apprenticeship  Method. 

D.  Home  Fmploymer.t  Method. 

Virginia 

1.  High   ^ohool  departments,  part-time,   and  evening  schools. 

2.  Ves.     Five  acres. 

3.  Suitable  room,  a  minimum  of  $350  for  laboratory 

equipment.   Suitable  cabinet3,  at  lea3t  35  reference 
book3  and  100  bulletins  properly  classified,  sub- 
scribe for  at  least  five  farm  journals,  and  have 
farm  shop  30/50  equipped  by  at  least  }?50.   At  least 
$5.00  per  pupil  per  annum  for  maintainance. 


•i 


. 


57 


4.   Not  fewer  than  10* 

5»   State  50$.   Federal  fund  50$. 

6.  Yes.  Class  *A"  type  of  instruction.   "The  vocational 

work  shall  be  based  on  the  fcoae  project"* 

7.  Yes.  Minimum  salary  |1500. 

8.  Pour  years  for  regular  course. 

(For  complete  course  of  study  see  III  B) 
9»   Two  years  of  practical  farming  or  •intimate  contact" 
with  such  work.  Graduate  of  standard  four  year 
course  in  Agriculture  based  on  standard  high  school 
course.   Sympathy  with  farm  life. 

10.  State  vocational  Director  and  Agricultural  Supervisor. 

The  plan  of  supervision  shall  include: 

a)  Improvement  of  teachers  in  service. 

b)  Inspection  of  schools. 

c)  Assistance  in  the  establishment  of  new  schools 

and  classes. 

d)  Preparation  of  special  bulletins  and  other 

special  literature. 

11.  Teacher-training  at  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute* 

Bach  teacher  to  be  given  time  for  professional 

improvement.  Improvement  of  teachers  in  servicer 

1)   Definite  reports  from  local  instructor  to 
State  Sup. 


. 


ovT         .  Q 


58 


3)  State  and  sectional  meetings  of  teachers. 
5)  A  period  of  professional  improvement  for 

teachers • 

4)  Go-operation  between  teacher- training  in- 

stitutions and  state  supervisory  staff 
for  co-ordination  of  teacher-training. 


13.  Not  specified. 


59 


III.  Studies  of  representative  states. (Continued) 

B.  Detailed  Suggestive  Courses  of  the  following 
states: 

Arizona 

California 

Connecticut 

Colorado 

Kentucky 

Montana 

Michigan 

Nebraska 

North  Carolina 

Oregon 

Oklahoma 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Utah 

Virginia 


60 


Arizona 
Course  of  Study  (45  Min.  periods) 

Period  lat  yr.     2nd  yr«        3rd  yr»       4th  yr« 

I      Agr.Arith.  Animal  Husbandry  Geometry   Boils  &  Horticulture 

3  English      ■     •      (  Rural  Law        ■ 

(  8e   Civics 
5      Study)     Commercial  Pro-  Agr»  Chem.  Commercial  Project 

1  6C  t 

4  Am.History       •  •  •  •  ■■  * 


Noon« 


5  Agronomy         English  Farm  Management  Applied  Physics 

6  •        Algebra  •      •       •        • 

7  Commercial  Elective     (  Commercial  Pre*-  Agricultural 

(  ject 

8  '-    Project      *  •      *      Biology 


Note  -  Farm  Management  will  include  Farm  Accounts  and  Farm 
Mechanics* 


^  TV     n->Et  <Wi     MAEk  vr"' "       '.if; 


.r?  £e; 


8 


61 


California 

Co urge  of  Study 

Units  of  Work 

Subjects  of  Course frour  years/  let  /  ?>nd   /   3rd  /  4th 

Applied  Work  (Special  aid) 

Farm  Projects,  Farm  Mechanics  8     2     2     2     2 
Supplemental  Subjects (Special  aid) 

Farm  English £  £ 

Farm  Applications  of  Science™  3     £  £  £  £ 

■     ■        of  Mathematics—  l£         £  £  £ 

Hygiene  and  Sanitation -—  £  £ 

Farm  Home,  and  rural  home  and 

community  life ™  £  £ 

Farm  Economics—™*———™-—  £  £ 

Other  required  academic  subjects 
(No  special  ai4  allowed) 

English  and  Literature —     1  £  £ 

Citizenship— — - — £  £ 

Development  of  modern  democracy  and 

democracies — ».  ■-■ ■  ■  ■  ■■    £  £ 

Development  of  the  United  States—    £  £ 

Physicsl  Education ■ 

Totals 16      4     4     4    4 


tcfxrfc 


Orf 


Not  less  than  three  hours  per  day  of  eabh  pupil* e 
time  must  be  devoted  to  applied  work  which  shall  include 
farm  projects  and  the  instruction  appertaining  thereto, 
and  farm  mechanics;  and  not  less  than  three  hours  per  day 
to  supplemental  and  other  academic  work  in  class  or  in 
school ♦ 

Connecticut 
Suggested  Course  of  Study 
(By  an  hour,  in  this  course,  is  meant  60  minutes) 


Freshman  Yr« 
(Animal  Husbandry) 

Poultry  Husbandry  Recitation      60  hours 

Dairy  Husbandry 

Swine  Husbandry  Laboratory  and 

Beef-cattle  and  sheep  field  practice  300  hours 

The  farm  horse  f  Farm  Fnter- 

(  prises        400  hours 

Shop  Work 

Farm  construction  and  repair  work  in  wood,  concrete 

and  metal  — •  Practice  300  hours 

Sophomore  7r« 
(Plant  Husbandry) 

Farm  Crops  and  Soils  Management    Recitation     60  hours 
Vegetable  Crops  and  Soils        (  Laboratory  and 

Management  (  field  Practice  200  hours 

Fruit  Crops  and  Soils  Management   Farm  Enter- 
prises       400  hours 


f« 


65 


Shop  Work 

Farm  Construction  and  repair  work  in  wood,  concrete 

and  metal  —  Practice  200  hours 


Junior  Yr» 
(Farm  Machinery  and  Buildings) 
Mechanical  devices  and  appliances  of  the  farm; 
assembly  and  installation;  building  plans,  lay- 
out and  construction.   Practice 

Farm  Enterprises 


400  hours 
400  hours 


Senior  Yr. 
(Farm  Management) 

Studies  of  Farm  Management  of  the  regionfRecitation 

and  field 

study ISO  hours 

Economic  organization  of  continued 

enterprises,  years  1,  2  and  5        Enterprises  400  hours 


Color ado 

Sus?e8ted  Course  of 
study 


First  Tear 

Vocational  —  180  minutes  per  day  or  900  minutes  per  week 
Crop  Production  and  Soils. 
Farm  Shop  Work. 
Project  Work* 

Non-Vocational  —  two  units. 

English. 

Elective. 


64 


Second  Tear 

Vocational  --  180  minutes  per  day. 
Livestock  Production  and  Management. 
Project  Work. 

Non-Vocational  — •  two  units. 

English. 

Elective. 

Third  Year 

Vocational  — •  180  minutes  per  day 
#arm  Machinery,  Motors,  Tractors. 
Choice  of  any  two  of  the  following: 

Dairying 

Poultry 

Vegetable  Gardening 

Fruit  Raising 
Project  Work. 

Non-Vocational  —  two  units 

English 

Elective  -  work  in  civics  and  citizenship  recommended. 

Fourth  Tear 

Vocational  «—  180  minutes  per  day. 

Farm  Management  and  Accounting,  Marketing  Problems,  Farm 

Surveys,  Irrigation  or  dry  land  problems. 
Rural  Economics  and  Sociology 
Project  Work 

Non-Vocational  -*•  two  units 

Elective 

Elective 


- 


65 


Kentucky 
Four  Year  Course  of  Study 
First  Semester  Second  Semester 


First  Year 


English-Hhetorio 
and  Composition 
Mathematics- Algebra 
Farm  Crops 
Agricultural  Botany 
(in  connection  with 
Farm  Crops  and  Rort . ) 
Home  Project  Work 


English-Hhetoric  and  Composition 
Mathematics- Algebra 
Horticulture 
Farm  Shop  Work 
Home  Project  Work 


Second  Year 


English-Literature  and 

Classics 

Elective- (Mathematics 

or  History) 

Animal  Husbandry 

Economic  Zoology 

Home  Project  Work 


English-Literature  and  Classics 

Elective(Math.  or  History) 

Animal  Husbandry 

Economics  Zoology.  Dairying  or 

Poultry 

Home  Project  Work 


Third  Year 


English-Literature  and  Classics  English-Literature  and  Classic! 
Elective(Math, History  or  Lang.)  Elective (Math. Hist,  or  Lang.) 
Soil  Physics  Soil  Fertility 

Agricultural  Chemistry         Agricultural  Chemistry 
Home  Project  Work  Home  Project  Work 

Fourth  Year 

Elect ive-(Hural  Economics  Elect ivefRural  Economics  and 

and  Sociology)  Sociology) 

Elective-(Amer.Hist«   or  Lang  )Elective-Amer. Hist,   or  Lang.) 

Farm  Management  Farm  Management 

Physics  of  Agriculture  or  Physics  of  Agriculture  or 

Agricultural  Engineering  Agricultural  Engineering 

Home  Project  Work  Home  Project  Work 


66 


Montana 

Course  of  Study 

Vocational 

First  Tear 

Live  Stock  Production  and 
Management 
Farm  Shop  Work 
Project  Work 

Second  Year 

Crop  Production 
and  Soils 
Project  Work 


Third  Year 


Farm  Machinery, 
Motors  and  Tractors 


Dairying 

Choice  of  any  two* 

Poultry 

Vegetable  Gardening 

Fruit  Growing 

Project  Work 


Non-Vocational 


Two  units: 


English 
Elective 


Two  units: 


English 

Elective 


Two  units: English 
American 
History  and 

Government 


Fourth  Year 


Farm  Management  and 
Marketing  Problemsf 
Farm  Accounts,  and 
Soil  Surveys 
Rural  Economics  and 
Rural  Sociology 


Two  units: 

English 
Industrial 
History 

"All  schools  receiving  aid  must 
maintain  each  year  a  •short  course1 
of  six  weeks.* 


s 


. 


T3 


- 


67 


Michigan 

Type  Course  of 
Study 

First  Tear  —  9th     Grade 

Required 

English 

Algebra 

Plant  Life— — i  year-50  min. class— 100  min.Lab.2ds.   &  3ds. 

Carpentry i       •   •   ■    ■     »•»       t 

Farm  Practice—™  30  minutes 

Elective 

Latin 

History 

Bookkeeping 


Second  Tear  —  10th  Grade 


Re  quired 


>■:      a 


English 

Geometry  *  ^ 

Farm  Crops— i  year  (same  as  above) 

Horticulture  i  year(  *    *    •  )  Farm  Practice— 30  minutes 

Elective 

raTIri 

History 

Commercial  Geography  i   year 

Commercial  Law  —  i  year 

Third  Tear  —  11th  Grade 

Required 

English 

Chemistry 

Animal  Husbandry  —50  min. class  and  100  min.lab.2nds.  &  3ds. 

Farm  Practice 30  minutes 

Elective 
Algebra— i  1  year 
Geometry—  t  year 
Elementary  Economics 


68 


Fourth  Year  —   12th  Grade 

Required 

History  and  Civics 
Physics 

Soils  —  (50)  -(100) 

F**rm  Management  and  Farm  Mechanics  (50  and  100) 

Farm  Practice  — — - —  30  minutes 

Elective 

English 

Sanitation  and  Hygiene 

95  hours  farm  practice  during  year  of  nine  and  onerhalf 

months 

400  minutes  daily  to   Agriculture  for  each  grade 


Nebraska 

Suggested  Course  of  Study 

'1st  Semester  3nd  Semester 

Per.  per  Freshman  Year 

Week  (A  period  is  45  Min,  in  length.   A  vocational  subject 
mu3t  be  offered) 

(for  a  double  period  on  each  day  offered.  Periods 
per  week  include  study) 
10    English  Grammar  English  Composition 

20    Animal  Husbandry  and  Shop  Animal  Husbandry  and  Shop  Work 
Work( Average  180  Minutes  per  day) 
Supervised  practice  work  (Home  Project)  Supervised 

Practice  Work 
10    Electivest  Elective*: 

(4-6)  Rural  Civics       (4-6)  Farm  Arithmetic 
(5-10)General  Physical    (5-10) Agricultural  Geography 
Science 


■ 


• 


69 


Second  Tear 

10  Rhetoric 

20  Grope,  Soils,  and  Shop  Work 

Home  Project 
10  Electives: 

(4-6) Agricultural  Botany 
(4-10)General  History 

i  4- 10 j Language 
4-10/Mathematics 

Third  Year 


20 


20 


20 


Rhetoric 

Crops,  Soils  and  Shop 

Work 
Home  Project 

4-10)  General  History 
4-lOi  Language 
4-10)  Mathematics 


20  a)  Dairying,  to)  Machines,  Motors  and  Tractors,  o)Poultry, 
d)  Horticulture  and  advanced  gardening,  e)  Entomology 
(180  minutes  per  day)  Any  two  of  the  first  four  subjects 
suited  to  given  section  of  the  state ♦  It  is  sucrfrested 


that  all  take  Entomology. 
Home  Project 
Elect ives: 

4-10)  Mathematics 


4-10)  Language 
;4-10)  Ad 


Advanced  Physics 

Fourth  Yq&t 

Farm  Management  (Includes  Farm  Law,  Leases,  Accounting,) 
Rural  Economics  and  Sociology  (Includes  Community 
Civics  and  Rural  Life.) 

Home- — Proj  ect  ■ 

Elective*: 

4-10)  Mathematics 
4*10)  Language 
4-10)  Chemistry 
4-10)  American  History  and 
Civics 
"The  method  of  instruction  shall  combine  in  one  class 
exercise,  both  practical  work  and  the  essential  related 
work • • 


. 


70 


North  Carolina 

Course  of  Study 

First  Year 

English  -  Five  45  Min.  periods  per  week 
Mathematics  •   »   ■       ■     •   • 
Science  *  ,  *   •  •       •     »   • 

Agriculture  -  Five  double  periods  per  week.  (Crops  and  Soils) 
Practical  work-  *   •'      *      •'    *  (Farm  Frojects  or 

school  farm) 

Second  Tear 

English  -  Five  periods  per  week 

History  -  •       ■    ■    • 

Mathematics  *•     ■    *    • 

Agriculture  -Five  double  periods  per  week  (Animal  Husbandry) 

Practical  Work  •     »      •     •     •  (gch003  faTm  or 


projects) 


Third  Year 


English  -  Five  periods  per  week 
History  -  «      •      •   • 

Scfence(  Chemical  or  Physical  )  five  periods  per  week 
Agriculture- Five  double  periods  per  week 
(Farm  Mechanics  and  Horticulture) 
Practical  Work  Five  double  periods  per  week.  (School  farm  or 

projects) 

Fourth  Year 

English  -  Five  periods  per  week 

Economics  -•      *     *    * 

Civics  It)    •      •     •  * 

Hygiene  and  Sanitation  f 

Agriculture  -  Five  double  periods  per  week 

(Farm  Management,  Farm  Accounting  and  Farm  Engineering) 
Practical  Work  Five  double  periods  per  week •(School  Farm  or 

projects) 


Science  subjects  have  double  laboratory  periods 
twice  each  week. 


7X 


Oregon 
Course  of  ?tudy  (Sur^eetive) 

First  Year 
Subject  Unit 

Soils   and  Crops —  1 

Home  Project    (Crop  Production) —  X 

ffng  liah 1 

General  Science—— — 1 

Second  Year 

Animal  Husbandry— —  1 

Home  Project    (Animal  Husbandry)- — — *•  1 

English- ' 1 

Mathematics 1 

Third     Year 

Hort  iculture - —  • —  1 

Home  Project   (Fruit  Growing  or  Vegetable 

Growing) 1 

BngXifb — -  i 

History * f 

Rio  lo  try  or  Chemistry- 1 

Four  fft  Year 

Farm  Management— — — — 

Rura  1  Engineering— — - 

Home  Project  (Farm  Management  and 

Rural  Engineering) X 

Rn  r  lish —      i 

Civics- —      i 

Rural  Economics  and 

Rural  Sociology- — — * X 

At  least  fifty  per  cent  of  the  time  of  the  student  must 

be  spent  in  vocational  agriculture.   The  other  subjects  in 


73 


the  course  should  have  a  close  relation  to  agriculture 
and  rural  life* 


Oklahoma 

Courses  of  Study 

Part-time  and  Evening  Classes 

"Fart-time  and  Evening  Classes  may  be  provided  as 
short  intensive  courses  for  persons  over  sixteen 
years  of  age  who  are  actually  employed  in  farm 
work j  and  each  student  in  such  course  shall  be 
required  to  carry  on  a  supervised  practice  for 
six  months  as  provided  for  in  aection  7  B.   The 
work  shall  consist  of  class  and  laboratory  work 
and  demonstrations.* 

All  Pay  School 

First  Tear 

Vocational 

SOQ  minutes  per  week,  including: 

Crop  Production  and  Soils 

Farm  Shop  Work  (Wood) 

Project  Work 

Kon-Vo cat ional  —     2  units 

English 

Elective 

Second  Tear 

Vocational 

900  minutes  per  week 

Live  Stock  Production  and  Management 

Farm  Shop  Work  (Black  Smithing,  Concrete,  etc.) 

Project  Work 


<>Y 


75 


Non-Vocational  —  2  units 

English 

Elective 

Third  Year 

Vocational 

900  minutes  per  week 

Farm  Machinery  (Mo tor a,  Tractors,  etc.) 

Elective  of  any  two  of  following: 

Dairying,  Poultry,  Vegetable  hardening,  Fruit 
Or owing,  Cotton. 
Project  Work 

fl on-Vocational  —  2  units 

English 

P?  active 

Fourth  Tear 

Vocational 

9ou  minutes  per  week 

Farm  Management  (Farm  Accounts  and  Purveys,  Marketing 

Problems,  Soils  Management  and  Farm  Surveying 
Kural  Economics  and  Sociology 
Project  Work 

Non-V ocat i onal  —  2  units 

English 

Elective 

One  year  courses  wil3  be  approved  as  a  beginning 

but  mu3t  be  increased  to  three  or  four  year  courses  by  second 

year.  Mo  course  under  three  years  will  be  approved  for  aid 

unless  the  entire  time  is  devoted  to  Vocational  Agriculture. 

South  Dakota 

Suggestive  Pour a e  of  fltudy 

First  Year 
Vocational  --   180  minutes  per  day  or  900  minutes  per  week 
Crop  Production  and   Soils 
Farm  Shop  Work 
Project  Work 


74 


Non-Vocational  —        2  units 

English 

elective 

Second  Tear 

Vocational  — »  180  minutes  per  day 
Livestock  Production  and  Management 
Project  Work 


Non-Vocational  — 

English 

Elective 

2  units 

Third  Year 

Vocational  —  180  minutes  per  day 
Farm  Machinery,  Motors,  Tractors 
Choice  of  any  two  of  the  following: 

Dairying 

Poultry 

Vegetable  Gardening 

Fruit  Growing 
Project  Work 

Non-Vocational  —        2  units 

English 

Elective  —  work  in  Citizenship  recon-mended 

Fourth  Year 

Vocational  —  180  minutes  par  day 

tfarm  Management   and  Account iv^ ,  Marketing  Problems,   Fars^ 

Surveys,  etc* 
Rural  Economics  and  Sociology 
Project  Work 

Non-Vocational  —  2  units 

Elective 

Rleotivs 


75 


Tennessee 

— — — ■>  w  « 

Course  of  Study 


First  Tear 


English  (Grammar,  Composition,  Classics) 
First  Tear  Mathematics  (Arith,  and  Algebra) 
Biology,  including  Human  Physiology 
Agriculture  —  Field  Crops 
Project  Work 

Second  Year 

English  (Composition  and  Literature) 

Algebra  Completed 

Animal  Husbandry  (Breeding.  Breeds,  Feeding  and  management 

of  stock; 
Botany  and  Zoology  or  Physiography 
Project  Work 

Third  Year 

English  (Composition  and  Literature) 
Chemistry 

Farm  Carpentry:  Elementary  Economics 
Horticulture  and  Farm  Dairying 
Project  Work 

Fourth  Year 

English  (Composition  and  Literature) 

American  History  and  Civics 

Physics 

Farm  Management  and  Agricultural  Engineering 

Project  Work 

Froject  work  must  be  done  by  the  pupil  on  a 

useful  and  productive  basis  for  six  months  in  the  year  under 

the  supervision  of  the  teacher  of  Agriculture. 


.  ~'  ■  •'.'•,". 


_ 

f\rrr 


otH 


f  si 


■ 


&  no  I  it  "%& 

to   1QS& 


76 


Utah 

Course  of  Study  (Suggestive) 

First  Year 

Vocational  -   180  minutes  per  day  or  900  minutes  per  week 
90  minutes  —  Crop  Production  and  soils 
90  minutes  —   (a)    Farm  Mechanics 

(b)   Home  supervised  practice  work 
Non-Vocational     —  3  units 

English 
Elective 

Second  Tear 

— —  i     — — — < 

Vocational  —  180  minutes  per  day 

90  minutea  —  Livestock  Production  and  Management 

90  minutes  —  (a)  Farm  Mechanics 

(b)  Home  Supervised  practice  work 

Non-Vocational  ~  3  units 

English 

Elective 

Third  Year 

Vocational  —  180  minutes  per  day 
(a;  Choice  of  any  two  of  the  following: 

Dairying 

Poultry 

Vegetable  Gardening 

Fruit  Growing 
(b)  Farm  Machinery,  motors,  tractors 

A  minimum  of  90  minutes  per  day  of  (a)  or  (a)  combined 

with  (b) 
Non-vocational  —  3  units 

fenglish 
Elective  —  Work  in  Civics  and  Citizenship  recommended 


77 


Fourth  Year 

Vocational  -  180  minutes  per  day 
Choice  of  any  two  of  the  following: 

Farm  Management  and  Accounting,  marketing  problems, 

farm  survey 

Irrigation  and  Dry  Panning  Problems 

Rural  Economics  and  Sociology 

Project  Work,  a  minimum  of  90  minutes  consecutively 

Non-Vocational  —  2  units 

Elective 

Elective 

Farm  Shop  work  is  required  as  separate  work 

during  the  first  two  years.  Thereafter  it  may  be  considered 

as  a  part  of  project  work  when  an  integral  part  of  that  work* 


Virginia  Pay  School 
Course  of  Study 

First  Year  ~  8th  Grade 

Non-Vocational 

English  -5-40  minute  periods 1  unit 

Algebra  -  5  -  40  minute  periods- 1  unit 

General  Science-3  -  40  and  2-80  minute  periods — 1  unit 

Vocational 

Plant  Production  -5-80  minute  periods — 1  unit 

Farm  Shop  Work  -  2  -  80  minute  periods 

Supervised  Project  —Average  of*  5  hours-  40  minutes 

for  nine  months- —•£  unit 

Second  Year  —  9th  Grade 

No  n-Vo  c  a  t  i  on  aT 

English  -  5  -  40  minutfe  periods- ■ 1  unit 

Plane  Geometry  -  5  -  40  minute  periods 1  unit 


-  3    ~    A: 


78 


Economic  Geography  -  5  -  40  minute  periods 1  unit 

Vocational 

Animal  Husbandry  -  5  -  80  minute  periods — 1  unit 

Farm  Shop  Work  -  2  -  80  minute  periods 

Farm  Project  -  Average  of  5  hours  40  minutes £  unit 

Third  Tear  -  10th  Grade 

Non-Vocational 

English  -  5  -  40  minute  periods -1  unit 

F- rm  Arithmetic  and  Elementary  Bookkeeping  -  5 

40  minute  periods  — - — — 1  unit 
Human  Biology  -  3  -  40  and  2-80  minute  periods— 1  unit 

Vocational 

Horticulture  and  Field  Crops  -  5  -  80  minute  per.-l  unit 

Farm  Shop  Work  -  2  -  SO  minute  periods 

Supervised  Project  -  5  hours  40  minutes  average  — t  unit 

Non-V ocat iona 1    Fourth  Year  -  11th  Grade 

pJnglish  -  5  -  40  minute  periods ~ 1  unit 

History  and  Civics  -  5  -  40  minute  periods- 1  unit 

Chemistry  or  Physics  -  3  -  40  minute  and  2-80 

minute  periods—- -1  unit 

Vocational 

Rural  Engineering,  Farm  Mechanics,  Farm  Management,  and 

Rural  Economics  -5-80  minute  periods — ~ — — 1  unit 

Farm  Shop  Work  -  2  -  80  minute  periods 

Supervised  project  -  Average  5  hrs.,  40  min—  — — £  unit 

Total  academic  credits 16  units 

Four  years  Supervisor  Project  work  (Av,5hrs.  40  min) 

2  units 

Part-time  Classes 

Agriculture  -  30  minutes  per  day  for  12  weeks 
Farm  Shop  Work  -  90  minutes  per  day  for  12  weeks 
Project  Work  -  90  minutes  per  day  for  six  months 
Farm  Arithmetic  -  40  minutes  per  day  for  12  weeks 


ttc 


ttrtif 


,xt 


M 


79 


English  -  40  minutes  per  day  for   12  weeks 


"veiling  Classes 

Agriculture  -  90  minutes  per  day  for  8  weeks 

English  -  (Study  of  Farm  Journals)  -40  min.  per  day  for 

8  weeks 
Project  work  -  90  minutes  per  day  for  six  months 


80 


IV.  Summarized  impressions  and 
recommendation-,  baaed  upon  a 
cemparati ve  study  cf  methods 
of  varioue  statoe. 

On  old  Massachusetts  Hall,  tele?  a  bust  of  Jaaea 
"Russel  Lowell,  there  appear*  this  inscription: 


"T ,  Freedom,  dwell  with 
Knowledge:  I  abide 

th  men  by  Culture 
Trained  and  fortified." 


It  has  tsken  many  venerations  to  realize  that  this 
principle  applies  as  directly  to  the  farmer  as  to  the  urban 
resident.   It  was  r>ot  long  after  the  Civil  War  that  the 
Morril  Act  was  passed  by  ?cr..rre:»i? ,  establishing  the  Agricultural 
Colleges.  Since  that  time  we  have  had  six  other  acts  enacted 
for  the  express  purpose  of  encouraging  education  for  the 
farmer.   These  were  the  T!atah  Act  in  1884 ,  providing  for  ex- 
periment stations,  the  second  Morril  Act  in  1890,  giving 
additional  aid  to  Agricultural  Colleges,  the  Adams  Act  in 
1906  for  the  encouragement  of  research,  the  Nelson  Amendment 
in  1908,  giving  more  aid  to  land-grant  college?  (Part  of  this 


31 


money  could  be  used  in  training  teachers  of  agriculture), 
the  Smith- 1, ever  Act  in  1914  furthering  the  extension 
service,  and  the  most  recent  legislation  for  the  advance- 
ment of  Vocational  Agricultural  Education  embodied  in  the 
Smith-Hughes  Act  for  the  promotion  of  Vocational  Education. 
These  various  acts  for  the  encouragement  of  agri- 
cultural education  in  one  form  or  another  -vere  enacted 
because  of  a  growing  realization  of  the  necessity  of  check- 
ing the  movement  from  farm  tc  city;  and  also  to  assist  in 
developing  more  intelligent  agricultural  methods  so  that 
greater  production  of  food  stuffs  for  our  increasing  popula- 
tion would  result.  dlnce  1SS0  there  has  been  a  marked 
decrease  in  the  proportion  of  the  American  people  engaged 
in  farming  -i3  an  occupation  J  This  proportion  declined 
from  44.4  p*r  cent  in  1830  to  32.9  per  cent  in  19 10*   FXiuca- 
tion,  in  order  to  accomplish  the  results  hoped  for,  muet  be 
reorganized.   In  order  to  function,  the  educational  program 
for  the  farm  youths  must  be  adjusted  to  the  needs  of  his 
occupation.  We  are  just  coming  tc  a  realisation  of  the 
fact  in  this  country  that  as  other  conditions,  customs,  and 
methods  change  from  time  to  tine,  so  also  the  educational 


82 


methods  and  content  must  necessarily  be  altered  in  order 

to  be  of  practical  value .   Alon^  this  line  of  thought, 

William  C.  Itedfield,  Secretary  of  Commerce  sayst 

*^e  are  just  beginning  to  realist  that  by  the 
failure  of  some  phases  of  our  educational 
systems  to  meet  the  living  needs  of  living 
boys  and  girls,  we  are  permitting  them  to 
enter  ft  sort  of  death  in  life  which  is 
having  most  hurtful  effects  on  our  country. 
Our  complacency  over  the  value  of  the 
common  school  to  our  people  is  being  rudely 
disturbed,  for  many  if  not  most  of  our 
young  people  emerge  from  that  same  common 
school  quite  without  adjustment  to  the 
daily  life  they  must  thereafter  lead,  and 
almost  if  net  altogether  without  the  train** 
ing  fitting  them  for  the  workaday  world  in 
which  they  must  live." 

It  is  in  an  attempt  to  promote  the  reorganization  of 
our  educational  system  upon  a  practical  basis  that  the  Smith- 
Hughes  Act  is  now  in  ef  ect.   The  law  places  the  Federal 
administration  of  the  act  in  the  hands  of  a  Federal  Board 
for  Vocational  Education,  composed  of  seven  members  as  follows: 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Secretary  of  Commerce, 
Secretary  of  Labor,  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education, 
and  three  other  citizens  appointed  by  the  President.   These 
three  members  are  chosen  so  that  the  agricultural  interests, 
the  manufacturing  and  commercial  interests,  and  the  labor 


- 


83 


interests  are  each  represented.   The  Federal  Board  holds 
State  boards  accountable  for  the  proper  administration  of 
the  act  and  supervision  of  instruction  under  general  re- 
gulation laid  down  by  Federal  Board. 

Following  is  a  brief  srmmary  of  some  of  the  findings 
of  a  special  study  of  the  administration  of  the  act  in 
twenty- three  states* 

1.  All  states  provide  for  vocational  agricultural 
departments  in  high  schools.   A  few,  like  Georgia  and 
Massachusetts  have  state  or  county  agricultural  school! • 

2.  Twelve  states  require  that  the  school  districts 
secure  a  plot  of  ground  for  agricultural  work.  The  sizes  of 
these  plots  vary  from  the  one  acre  experiment  plot  in 
Oklahoma  to  the  two-hundred  acre  farm  for  the  Georgia  state 
(white)  agricultural  schools. 

3.  Fifteen  states  net  a  definite  minimum  initial 
expenditure  for  laboratory  equipment.   The  median  amount  is 
$500.00  The  average  is  $440.00 

4*  Eight  states  require  a  definite  minimum  enroll- 
ment in  thfl  course  as  a  condition  for  reimbursement.   This 
minimum  varies  from  six  in  Oklahoma  to  fifteen  in  Kew  York. 
The  median  is  ten.   The  avere^e  is  ten. 

5.  Fifteen  states  require  a  definite  maintenance 
allotment  for  the  use  of  the  instructoi  in  purchasing 
necessary  supplies.   The  amount  is  furnished  by  the  local 
district;  and  varies  in  amount  from  $2  per  pupil  per  year  to 
$10  per  pupil  per  year.   The  median  is  $5.   The  averacre  is 
$4.50 

6.  Seven  states  match  the  Federal  fund-  with  State 
funds  dollar  for  dollar.   *hree  states  add  l/o  to  the  1/2 


'.  '- 


" 


34 


of  the  Federal  appropriation,  thus  requiring  the  local 
district  to  pay  1/3  of  instructors1  salaries.   One  state 
adds  25>S,  leaving  85$  for  the  local  district  to  pay. 
South  Dakota  expects  to  eventually  pay  50$;  but  at  present 
is  paying  30$,  leaving  20$  to  the  local  community^ 

7 •  Seven  states  require  that  the  instructor  be  at 
least  21  years  old;  and  several  southern  states  prescribe 
that  the  instructor  be  a  man.  One  state  sets  the  age 
minimum  at  2?.   years,  kl!    states  require  that  the  instructor 
be  a  graduate  from  a  standard  agricultural  college  or  its 
equivalent.   Sixteen  states  prescribe  that  the  instructor 
must  have  had  not  less  than  two  years  of  practical  farm- 
ing experience*   Two  states  require  three  years  of  practical 
farming. 

8.  Six  states  require  at  least  two  years  of 
successful  experience  in  teaching  agriculture  of  the  State 
Supervisor  in  addition  to  the  preparation  expected  of 

an  instructor.   One  state  prescribes  five  years  teaching 
experience;  and  another  state  requires  three. 

9.  Four  states  prescribe  that  the  instructor  be 
allowed  one  month  for  professional  improvement  each  year. 
Five  states  would  give  *a  period*  for  vacation  and  profess- 
ional improvement.   One  state  would  give  him  two  weeks; 

and  another  state  would  a!3ow  him  all  of  one  week  for 
professional  improvement  each  year. 

10.  Twenty-two  states  recommend  a  four-year  course 
of  study.   One  state  recommends  a  two-year  course.   Several 
states  feature  the  short-course  and  evening  schools. 

11.  Twelve  states  definitely  require  the  local 
district  to  provide  the  instructor  with  transportation  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  the  home  project  work  proper  super- 
vision. 

13.  Twenty  states  require  the  practice  work  to 
be  done  by  the  project  method.  Missouri  "recommends *  the 
class  f A1  project;  and  Oregon  requires  six  months  of 


85 


"farm  practice",  but  recommends  the  class  fBf  project • 

Thirteen  states  require  the  class  fB»  project  method  of 

field  work.   Seven  states  prescribe  the  class  ,AI  project 
method  of  field  practice. 

After  a  study  of  the  experiences  and  the  methods 
of  the  various  states,  certain  desirable  features  of  ad~ 
ministration  assume  prominence.  Thile  the  Federal  Board 
is  undoubtedly  wise  in  leaving  the  details  of  administration 
(and  especially  sensible  in  regard  to  the  course  of  study) 
to  the  individual  states,  yet  there  are  certain  desirable 
methods  that  should  be  practiced  in  every  state.   All  non- 
essentials should  be  eliminated  from  the  courses  of  study. 
The  instruction  should  conform  to  the  spirit  as  well  as  to 
the  letter  of  the  law.   A  few  courses  still  retain  much 
of  the  old  formal  subjects.   There  should  be  no  waste  motion 
in  the  Smith -Hughes  instruction  and  each  subject  of  the 
course  should  have  a  definite  value  to  the  student. 

The  agricultural  instructor  should  have  one  month  of 
vacation  each  year,  and  one  month  for  definite  professional 
improvement  of  which  he  3hould  be  re  mired  to  make  a  full 
report.   Each  state  should  require  the  local  district  to 
provide  suitable  transportation  for  the  instructor  who 
supervises  project  work.   This  would  tend  to  insure  efficient 


86 


supervision.   Too  mush  stress  cannot  be  placed  on  the 
importance  of  the  type  of  instruction  which  groups  the 
allied  subject  matter  about  the  individual  project.  Seven 
states  already  are  meeting  with  success  by  the  use  of  this 
method.   Some  states  still  approve  of  plans  of  instruction 
that  permit  the  supplemental  subjects  to  be  taught  without 
relation  to  the  individual  project.   This  procedure  loses 
the  opportunity  of  giving  practical  motivation  to  the 
supplemental  subjects  by  correlating  them  with  the  project 
that  the  student  is  conducting  at  home.   The  home  project 
in  every  case  should  be  conducted  on  a  practical  business 
basis,  a  careful  account  being  kept  of  all  expenses.   The 
youth's  experience  in  leasing  his  nround,  buying  his  stock, 
poultry,  c~ed,  or  whatever  his  project  requires,  the 
accurate  figuring  and  recording  of  expenses  and  earnings, 
and  the  disposal  to  the  best  advantage  of  his  produce  at 
the  finish,  gives  an  ample  field  from  which  to  select 
material  for  work  in  the  supplemental  subjects.  This  plan, 
of  course,  requires  that  the  instructor  be  in  close  touch 
with  the  student  and  his  project.   It  is  for  this  reason 
that  Iowa  prescribes  that,  with  10  in  a  class,  the  instructor 


87 


give  them  his  full  time. 

One  element  in  arousing  interest  in  the  project 
method  of  instruction  is  because  they  are  sources  of  income 
to  the  student;  and  often  enable  him  to  secure  an  education 
largely  by  his  own  efforts.   An  unusually  successful  pro- 
ject from  the  financial  standpoint  was  that  of  a  boy  at 
Fetaluma,  California,  who  cleared  a  net  profit  of  &1600  on 
a  project  involving  5,000  young  chicks.  Usually  the  pro- 
jects do  not  net  any  such  sum.   The  common  experience, 
however,  is  to  make  a  profit  varying  from  |200  to  $500.   An 
interesting  project  was  developed  in  Ho lor ado  by  a  boy  who 
took  a  tractor  as  his  project.   He  operated  it  throughout 
the  season,  doing  work  on  his  home  farm  and  neighboring 
farm3.   A  careful  record  was  kept  of  hours  of  work  each  day, 
work  accomplished  in  current  price  terms,  initial  and  final 
value  of  the  tractor,  cost  of  fuel  and  repairs,  wa^es  of 
operator;  and  al30  the  different  wages  earned  by  the  tractor 
at  the  various  kinds  of  work.  The  net  gain  for  the  season 
was  £338.92  It  is,  of  course,  true  that  some  projects  are 
not  financial  successes.  The  financial  failure  may  be  the 
most  successful  as  a  lesson  of  value,  however,  and  should 
not  necessarily  be  classed  as  a  failure.   The  project  method 
is  here  to  stay.   It  gives  a  real  meaning  to  education. 


nrij 


?* 


88 


V«     8«gjg69t4*a  Four   Tear  Course  of 
Stud/  Tor  day  school* 

(Based  on  impressions  received,  in  part,  from  this  study) 

First  Year 

Sub j eot  Units 

Project  5ork,  including  Practical  Farm  Mechanics 3 

Farm  Arithmetic——— — - — — - » — — -  t 

Business  English,  as  related  to  farm  transactions — —  i 

Hygiene  and  Sanitation — •-—  i 

General  Science — ~ —  i 

Second  Tear 


Project  Work,  including  Practical  Farm  Mechanics —  2 

Combination  of  Algebra  and  Geometry,  practical  } 

applications —-  I 

Elements  of  Chemistry— i 

Appreciative  Literature, selected  from  American  and 

Frigli  sh i 

Political   Development  of  the  United  States  as  a  : 

Pemc  era  cy»- • — 71 • ^ 

Third  7ear 

Project  Work,  including  Practical  Farm  Mechanics 3 


.:'■*• 


2VH 


OT? 


89 


Farm  Accounting  and  value  and  method  of  keeping 

farm  records J 

Applied  Chemistry  of  coils  and  method  of  rebuild- 

■inr*   o/i.-?"' w ___. ___. . —  •* 


in**  soi 

Agricultural  and  Industrial  Development  of  the 

United  States f 

F)r:glish  and  Public  Speaking,  {How   to  organise; 
and  deliver  talks     ...e^cnstratione, 
practice  in  parliamentary  law,  etc. — -  i 


Fourth  7ear 

Project  fork,    including  Practical   Farm  Mechanics--*-  2 

Electricity  and  principle   of  Mechanics   applied 
to  farm  machinery,  motors,  tractors, possible 
uses  of  Electricity  on  farms,   etc. « *> 

^ural  Rome   arid   Community  life • i 

Farm  Mansp^mert   and  Market  ir:<?  Kethocls- —  -J 

Practice-   ^Itizenship — —  J 

(Physical  Fducation  throughout   course) 

In  order   to  be  of  maximum  educational  \ralue,   the 
project   should  be  selected    from  a  different    line  of  agri- 
cultural work  each   jer r .      This  plan  should  assist   the   student 
in   choice   of  type  of   farming   to    adopt    as.   reri-.^nent  vocation. 


90 


VI.  California 


A«  Act  of  Adoption.  Acceptance  of  Act. 


'1,  The  California  Legislature  in  an  act 
accepted  the  provisions  and  benefits 
of  the  Federal  Act  for  vocational 
education.  The  Governor  approved  the 
same  May  39,  1917. 

2.  The  State  Treasurer  is  designated  cus- 
todian of  the  funds. 

3»  The  Caliiornia  Act  provides  for  the 
acceptance  of  the  funds  for: 

a.  The  payment  of  salaries  of  teachers 
of  trade,  home  economics,  and  in- 
dustrial subjects. 

b»  The  payment  of  salaries  of  teachers, 
directors, and  supervisors  of  agri- 
cultural subjects* 

c.  The  maintenance  of  courses,  classes, 
or  schools  for  training — 

(1)  Teachers  of  trade  and  industrial 
subjects. 

(2)  Teachers,  directors,  and  super- 
visors of  agricultural  subjects. 

(5)  Teachers  of  home  economics. 

4«   In  accepting  the  provisions  and  benefits 
of  the  Federal  Act,  the  State  Act 
provides  for  state  appropriations  which 
•  shall  equal  all  Federal  apportionments 
made  to  the  State  of  California.   The 


91 


Federal  funds  and  the  State  funda 
combined  constitute  the  vocational 
education  fund,  which  fund  is  created 
by  the  act*  The  entire  fund,  including 
Federal  and  State  moneys,  is  governed 
by  the  provisions  of  the  Federal  Act 
and  by  the  regulations  of  the  State 
Board,  acting  under  the  provisions  of 
said  act." 

The  active  administration  in  the  State  of  California 

is  under  a  Commissioner  of  Vocational  Education,  assisted 

by  a  State  Supervisor  of  Agricultural  Education,  a  State 

Director  of  Vocational  War  Work  who  is  now  in  charge  of 

industrial  education,  and  by  five  Supervisors  and  Directors 

of  Teacher-Training  -  one  of  Home  Economics,  two  of 

Agriculture,  and  t-.vo  of  Trades  and  Industries* 

B.  Method  of  procedure  in  establishment  of  vocational 
courses  in  agriculture  in  California  under  the 
Smith-Hughes  Act. 

The  following  extract  from  Bulletin  No.  25  A# 

California  Board  of  Education  indicates  the  proper  procedure 

in  establishing  standard  vocational  courses  in  agriculture* 

*High  School  boards  applying  for  authority 
to  establish  and  maintain  vocational 
courses  in  agriculture,  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Federal  and  State  Vocational 
Education  Acts,  must  submit,  on  blanks 


93 


furnished  by  the  State  Board  of 
Education,  such  information  as  may  be 
desired,  including  the  following: 

1»  Approximate  area  in  square  miles  of: 

a*  High  school  district. 
b«  Outside  territory  served  by  high 
school. 

2.  Approximate  acres  under  cultivation 
inr 

a.  Htgb  school  district. 

b.  Outside  territory  served  by  high 
8choo3  . 

3«  Approximate  acres  of  gracing  land  in: 

a.  High  School  district. 

b.  Outside  territory  served  by  high 
school. 

4.  Principal  occupations  of  people  in  order 
of  importance  —  agricultural,  commer- 
cial, Billing ,  industrial  and  trade, 
etc. 

5»  Character  of  principal  agricultural 
occupations  in  order  of  importance  — 
stock  raising,  dairying,  poultry  rais- 
ing, field  crops,  horticulture,  viti- 
culture, etc. 

6.  Principal  agricultural  products  of 
community  in  order  of  importance  — 
hogs,  sheep,  beef  oc   dairy  stock,  dairy 
products,  horses,  turkeys,  chickens, 
alfalfa,  hay,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  rice# 
corn,  hop3,  cotton,  potatoes,  onions, 
sugar  beets,  bean3,  watermelons,  canta- 
loupes, walnuts,  almonds,  olives,  peaches. 


95 


apricots,  plums,  prunes,  pears,  apples, 
tigs,  grapes,  raisins,  oranges,  lemons, 
pomeloe: ,  berries,  garden  truck,  etc* 

7.  Enrollment  of  pupils  in  all  elementary 
schools  for  the  preceding  school  year  in: 

a.  High  school  district, 

b.  Outside  territory  served  by  high  school* 

8*  Enrollment  in  each  grade  of  high  school 
for  preceding  year, 

9.  Number  of  boy*  in  district  over  14  years 
and  less  than  18  years  of  age  who  are  not 
attending  school. 

10.  Number  of  girls  in  district  over  14  years 
and  less  than  13  years  of  age  who  are  not 
attending  school. 

11*  Number  of  persons  who  have  expressed  desire 

to  take  advantage  of  the  course. 

12.   A  description  of  the  school  lands,  shops, 
laboratories,  classrooms,  and  equipment 
that  will  be  avsilable  for  the  U3e  of 
pupils." 


C.  In  order  to  be  eligible  for  state  aid,  high 
schools  »ust  maintain  one  or  more  standard 
vocational  courses  in  agriculture.   To  be 
rated  as  a  standard  course  it  must  — 

1.  Have  been  authorized  by  the  State  Board  of 
Education  to  establish  the  course. 


4/i 


i 


94 


2«  Be  maintained  in  accordance  with  the  regulations 
of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  which  regulations  are  in 
conformity  with  policies  and  standards  of  the  Federal  Board 
of  Vocational  Education. 

3«  It  must  provide  satisfactory  supervision  of 
project  work  throughout  the  summer  months,  as  well  as  curing 
school  year. 

4«  Be  officially  approved  by  the  State  Board  of 
Education,  after  being  inspected ,  as  conforming  to  all  re- 
quirements* 

If  a  standard  course  is  maintained,  the  hi*?h  school 
district  may  expect  to  be  reimbursed  by  the  State  Board  as 
follows: 

"For  the  first  teacher  unit  of  instruction  -not  to  exceed-llOOO 
For  the  second  teacher  unit  of  instructicn-not  to  exceed-  700 
For  the  third  teacher  unnt  of  instruction  -not  to  exceed-  500 
For  the  fourth  teacher  unit  of  instruction*-not  to  exceed-  300 

Frovided,that  the  Board  wil]  in  no  instance  reimburse  any 

3uch  district  in  a  sum  which  shall  exceed  one-half  of  the 

amount  paid  as  compensation  for  instruction  in  the  required 

applied  and  supplemental  subjects  of  said  course  or  courses. " 

A  teacher  unit  is  defined  as  six  sixty-minute  hours 

of  teaching  and  study  supervision  for  thirt'*-six  weeks.  Nece3s- 


, 


95 


ary  care  must  be  giTOQ  to  pupil's  projects  during  vacation 
periods.   "A  proportionate  reimbursement  will  "be  made  for 
a  fractional  part  of  a  tencher  unit  of  instruction."  This 
financial  aid  will  be  given  only  where  teachers  qf  applied 
work  are  paid,  at  3  east,  $1500,  and  teachers  of  supplemental 
subjects,  at  lea^t  >9   &!?0Q.  Reimbursements  for  preceding 
year  are  paid  by  the  State  Board  of  Education  during  the 
first  quarter  of  fiscal  year.   If  funds  available  fall  short 
of  needs,  aid  will  be  pro-rated* 

P.  Professional  aid  to  be  expected. 

1.  Teacher -Training  course  at  the  University 
of  California. 

2.  k&zizt  I  co-operation  of  the  University 
Extension  Service. 

3.  Sectional  teachers*  'nestings. 

4.  Supervisory  help  of  the  State  Department  of 
Vocational  Education.   Those  immediately  concerned  with  the 
work  in  Vocational  agricultural  Education  are: 

Edwin  R.  Snyder,  Commissioner  of  Vocational  Education 
W.  G.  xnimmel,  Supervisor  and  Director  of  Teacher-Training 
Samuel  H.  Dadisman,  Supervisor  and  Director  of  Teacher- 
Training 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Statement  of  Policies-  Bulletin  Ho.  1 

Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Agriculturel  Education-  Bulletin  No.  13 

Arizona  Bulletin  of  State  Board  of  Vocational  Education 

Bulletin  No,  3 
Arizona  Bulletin  of  State  Board  of  Vocational  Education 

Bulletin  No.  1 
California  State  Board  of  Education 

Vocational  Education  -  Bulletin  Ho*  33 
California  State  Board  of  Education 

Vocational  Education  -  Bulletin  No.  23-A 
Connecticut  State  Board  of  Education 

Vocational  Education  -  Bulletin  No.  45 
Connecticut  State  Board  of  Education 

Course  in  Agriculture  -  Bulletin  No,  70 
Colorado  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Vocational  Bulletin  No.  3 


-€  *o? 


■ 


ii 


Colorado  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

First  Annual  Report 
Florida  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 
Approved  Plans  for  Vocational  Education 
Georgia  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Administration  Bulletin  No*  3 
Georgia  ^tate  Ecard  for  Vocational  Education 

State  Flan  -  Bulletin  Ho,  4 
Iowa  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Approved  plans  -  Bulletin  No.  1 
Iowa  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

First  Biennial  Report,  1918 
Illinois  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Plans  for   1918-13  Bulletin  No.  9 
Kentucky  Board  for  Vocational   Education 

Plana  and  Policies  -  Bulletin  No.  3 
Missouri  Board  of  Education 

Vocational  Education  Bulletin  No.  3 
Missouri  f-tate  Board  of  Education 

Vocational  Education  Bulletin  No.  5 
Montana  Department  of  Fublic  Instruction 

Flans  for  Vocational  Education,  1919 


iii 


Michigan  State  Board  of  Control  for  Vocational  Education 

Bulletin  No.  201 
Michigan  State  Board  of  Control  for  Vocational  Education 

Bulletin  No.  202 
Michigan  State  Beard  of  Control  for  Vocational  Education 

Bulletin  Wo.  205 
Nebraska  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Plana  -  Bulletin  No.  2 
Nebraska  State  Bo~rd  for  Vocational  Education 

Plana  1919,20  -  Bulletin  No,  3 
New  York  State  University 

Bulletin  on  Vocational  Education  -  Bulletin  No.'  542 
North  Carolina  State  College  Hecord 

November  1918  -  Vocational  Agricultural  Education 
Bulletin  No.  6 
Oregon  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Vocational  Education  Bulletin 
Oklahoma  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Flens  ~  Bulletin  No.  3 
South  Dakota  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Flans   for   1919-20-21 


' 


iv 


Texas  State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Plana  -  Bulletin  No,  68 
Texas  state  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

First  Annual  Beoort  1918 
Tennessee  Board  for  Vocational  Education 

Requirements  -  Bulletin  tfo.  2 
Utah  State  Division  of  Vocational  Education 

Plans  for  1919-20 
Virginia  State  Board  for  Vocntional  Education 

Supplement  Ko«  4  -  Bulletin  Ko.  2 

"Learning  to  Earn*  -  Flea  and  Plan  for  Vocational  Education 

Lapp  and  Mote 
"Vocational  Agriau] tural  $ducation-By  Home  Projects" 

Stimson 


This  book  is  DU^o 


LD21 


_l00m-7,'52(A2528: 


S16)476 


YE  07C09 


Mouvoneni  -ivno!jlvooa  jo  noi«aio 


